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Biochem 2 > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Lipid malabsorption can cause what to happen?

A

Excessive lipids in feces

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2
Q

2 pancreatic enzymes that catalyze lipids?

A

Lingual and gastric lipase

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3
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) effects what?

A

Gastric motility is reduced
Stimulates gallbladder to release bile
Stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes

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4
Q

How many double bonds are found in an arachidonic FA?

A

4

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5
Q

Function that citrate shuttle is associated with?

A

Building fatty acids

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6
Q

Pancreatic enzymes that catalyze the digestion of lipids in the stomach?

A

Lingual and gastric lipase

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7
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate is an irreversible reaction, true or false?

A

False

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8
Q

De novo synthesis is attempting to creating what FA?

A

Palmitate

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9
Q

Most FAs are stored where?

A

Adipose tissue

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10
Q

HMG CoA is reduced to mevalonate by what enzyme?

A

HMG CoA reductase

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11
Q

Chymotrypsin recognizes what?

A

Methionine
Leucine
Aromatic rings

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12
Q

What enzyme converts cholesteroyl ester to cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol esterase

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13
Q

Chylomicrons travel through the lymphatic system to what structure?

A

Left subclavian vein

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14
Q

Long chain FAs are transported to mitochondrial matrix via ____.

A

Carnitine shuttle

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15
Q

Secretin acts as a/an ____.

A

Blood buffer

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16
Q

What 3 products are formed from ketone bodies?

A

Acetoacetate
3-hydroxybutyrate
Acetone

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17
Q

Urea is produced by ____ and transported to the kidneys.

A

Liver

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18
Q

What is the most common occurring FA in the human body?

A

Palmitic acid

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19
Q

How many moles of ATP are necessary for the urea cycle?

A

3 moles

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20
Q

What facilitates the absorption of lipids in the small intestine?

A

Bile salts

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21
Q

Characters of beta-oxidation include:

A

Occurs in mitochondria
Produces acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2
Involves 4 reactions that shorten hydrocarbon chain by 2 carbons

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22
Q

Aminotrasferases require which coenzyme derivative?

A

Vitamin B6

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23
Q

What reduces HMG CoA to mavalonate?

A

HMG CoA reductase

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24
Q

Glutamate dehydrogenase is allosterically inhibited by ____.

A

GTP

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25
List correct order of cholesterol synthesis:
Aceytl-CoA, HMG CoA, mevalonate, squalene, lanosterol, cholesterol
26
D-amino acids may be degraded by FADH-dependent enzymes, true or false.
False
27
List the 4 step repetitive process for FA synthesis:
Condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction
28
What amino acid is both glucogenic and ketogenic?
Threonine
29
List the branched chain amino acids:
Leucine Valine Isoleucine
30
What rare autosomal disorder affects the breakdown of branched chain amino acids?
Maple syrup urine disease
31
Steroids contain how many fused rings?
4
32
What nitrogen-containing compound produces dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine?
Catecholamine
33
In order for the body to properly mobilize stored fats, which enzyme must be used?
Hormone sensitive lipase
34
Maple syrup urine disease is distinguished by:
Inability to degrade branch chained amino acids Isoleucine Keto acidosis
35
Luecine, isoleucine, and valine are affected by maple syrup urine disease; true or false.
True
36
What amino acids are considered “purely” ketogenic?
Lysine and leucine
37
At which point does tyrosine enter the TCA cycle?
Fumarate
38
Accumulation of bilirubin leads to what medical condition?
Jaundice
39
Coenzyme required in conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate?
Pyrodoxal phosphate
40
Serotonin is derived from which amino acid?
Tryptophan
41
In the urea cycle, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I has which of the following as an absolute requirement for activation?
N-acetylglutamate
42
Amino acid which is a precursor for the synthesis of epinephrine?
Tyrosine
43
In the urea cycle, what is arginine cleaved into?
Urea and ornithine
44
Glutamate dehydrogenase is unique among other enzymes because:
It uses either NAD+ or NADP+ as an electron acceptor
45
Which amino acid is a precursor for the synthesis of serotonin?
Tryptophan
46
Which amino acid is a precursor for the synthesis of dopamine?
Tyrosine
47
Glutamine synthetase catalyzes what reaction?
Combines ammonia to form glutamine and glutamate
48
Compound which crosses mitochondrial membrane and enters the cytosol in the urea cycle?
Citrulline
49
In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus 1, the formation of what type of compound is formed?
Ketone body
50
What makes a FA unsaturated?
Presence of 1+ double bonds
51
Why is carnitine shuttle important for FA degradation?
Required for transport of LCFAs from cytosol to the MM
52
Bile salts are critical to initial stages of digestion of triaglycerols in the duodenum because they ____.
Emulsify the TAG globules to have a greater surface area, which increases lipase activity
53
FAs have advantages over saccharides as energy storage structures. FAs are not generally hydrated as are monosaccharides and polysaccharides. What is an important advantage of this feature?
FAs can pack more closely in adipose tissue
54
What type of reaction takes place when NADPH is used in a metabolic pathway?
Reduction
55
Where does digestion of lipids begin?
Stomach
56
Where does FA beta-oxidation take place?
Mitochondria
57
What enzyme functions as What is the primary product of the action of pancreatic lipase on TAGs?
2-monoacylglycerol
58
Where are the highest concentrations of TAG found?
Chylomicrons
59
When beta-oxidation (FA degradation) takes place, a fragment is removed from the carboxyl end of the fatty actyl CoA. How many carbons are removed in the fragment?
2 carbons
60
What is the function of cholecystokin (CCK)?
Acts on gallbladder to release bile
61
Which 2 systems control amino acid degradation?
ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome | ATP-independent
62
ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome system is located in which organelle?
Cytosol
63
ATP-independent system of amino acid degradation occurs in which organelle?
Lysosomes
64
In pancreatic digestion, peptides are cleaved via ____ and ____.
Endo- and exo-peptidases
65
Deficiencies of pancreatic secretion leads to incomplete digestion and ____.
Steatorrhea
66
Di- and tri-peptides are taken up by what kind of transport system?
Proton-linked
67
Cystinuria is the error in ____ transport.
Amino acid
68
Liver disease demonstrates elevated level of what enzymes?
Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase
69
Ammonium/ammonia is buffer system, true or false?
True
70
Glutamate dehydrogenase uses what in disposal of amino acids?
NH2 of glutamate and NAD+
71
What are the essential FAs from plant sources?
Linolenic and linoleic acids
72
Excess dietary CHO and PRO may be stored as what?
TAG
73
ACC is ___ activated by citrate.
Allosterically
74
ACC is inactivated by long-chain fatty ____.
Acyl CoA
75
List the 5 steps of TAG synthesis:
``` G3P Lysophosphatidic acid DAG phosphate DAG TAG ```
76
Lipases branches off how many FAs?
2
77
Mixed micelles have what special function?
Allows crossing from membrane
78
Liver cholesterol utilizes what?
Acetyl CoA | NADPH
79
Which amino acid is both glucogenic and ketogenic?
Threonine
80
PLP is a derivative of what?
D6
81
L-phenylalanine leads to L-tyrosine via what enzyme?
Phenylalanine hydroxylase

Biochem 2 (3 decks)

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