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Biochem 2 > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

Lipid malabsorption can cause what to happen?

A

Excessive lipids in feces

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2
Q

2 pancreatic enzymes that catalyze lipids?

A

Lingual and gastric lipase

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3
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) effects what?

A

Gastric motility is reduced
Stimulates gallbladder to release bile
Stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes

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4
Q

How many double bonds are found in an arachidonic FA?

A

4

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5
Q

Function that citrate shuttle is associated with?

A

Building fatty acids

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6
Q

Pancreatic enzymes that catalyze the digestion of lipids in the stomach?

A

Lingual and gastric lipase

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7
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate is an irreversible reaction, true or false?

A

False

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8
Q

De novo synthesis is attempting to creating what FA?

A

Palmitate

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9
Q

Most FAs are stored where?

A

Adipose tissue

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10
Q

HMG CoA is reduced to mevalonate by what enzyme?

A

HMG CoA reductase

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11
Q

Chymotrypsin recognizes what?

A

Methionine
Leucine
Aromatic rings

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12
Q

What enzyme converts cholesteroyl ester to cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol esterase

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13
Q

Chylomicrons travel through the lymphatic system to what structure?

A

Left subclavian vein

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14
Q

Long chain FAs are transported to mitochondrial matrix via ____.

A

Carnitine shuttle

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15
Q

Secretin acts as a/an ____.

A

Blood buffer

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16
Q

What 3 products are formed from ketone bodies?

A

Acetoacetate
3-hydroxybutyrate
Acetone

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17
Q

Urea is produced by ____ and transported to the kidneys.

A

Liver

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18
Q

What is the most common occurring FA in the human body?

A

Palmitic acid

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19
Q

How many moles of ATP are necessary for the urea cycle?

A

3 moles

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20
Q

What facilitates the absorption of lipids in the small intestine?

A

Bile salts

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21
Q

Characters of beta-oxidation include:

A

Occurs in mitochondria
Produces acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2
Involves 4 reactions that shorten hydrocarbon chain by 2 carbons

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22
Q

Aminotrasferases require which coenzyme derivative?

A

Vitamin B6

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23
Q

What reduces HMG CoA to mavalonate?

A

HMG CoA reductase

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24
Q

Glutamate dehydrogenase is allosterically inhibited by ____.

A

GTP

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25
Q

List correct order of cholesterol synthesis:

A

Aceytl-CoA, HMG CoA, mevalonate, squalene, lanosterol, cholesterol

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26
Q

D-amino acids may be degraded by FADH-dependent enzymes, true or false.

A

False

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27
Q

List the 4 step repetitive process for FA synthesis:

A

Condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction

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28
Q

What amino acid is both glucogenic and ketogenic?

A

Threonine

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29
Q

List the branched chain amino acids:

A

Leucine
Valine
Isoleucine

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30
Q

What rare autosomal disorder affects the breakdown of branched chain amino acids?

A

Maple syrup urine disease

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31
Q

Steroids contain how many fused rings?

A

4

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32
Q

What nitrogen-containing compound produces dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine?

A

Catecholamine

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33
Q

In order for the body to properly mobilize stored fats, which enzyme must be used?

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

34
Q

Maple syrup urine disease is distinguished by:

A

Inability to degrade branch chained amino acids
Isoleucine
Keto acidosis

35
Q

Luecine, isoleucine, and valine are affected by maple syrup urine disease; true or false.

A

True

36
Q

What amino acids are considered “purely” ketogenic?

A

Lysine and leucine

37
Q

At which point does tyrosine enter the TCA cycle?

A

Fumarate

38
Q

Accumulation of bilirubin leads to what medical condition?

A

Jaundice

39
Q

Coenzyme required in conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate?

A

Pyrodoxal phosphate

40
Q

Serotonin is derived from which amino acid?

A

Tryptophan

41
Q

In the urea cycle, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I has which of the following as an absolute requirement for activation?

A

N-acetylglutamate

42
Q

Amino acid which is a precursor for the synthesis of epinephrine?

A

Tyrosine

43
Q

In the urea cycle, what is arginine cleaved into?

A

Urea and ornithine

44
Q

Glutamate dehydrogenase is unique among other enzymes because:

A

It uses either NAD+ or NADP+ as an electron acceptor

45
Q

Which amino acid is a precursor for the synthesis of serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

46
Q

Which amino acid is a precursor for the synthesis of dopamine?

A

Tyrosine

47
Q

Glutamine synthetase catalyzes what reaction?

A

Combines ammonia to form glutamine and glutamate

48
Q

Compound which crosses mitochondrial membrane and enters the cytosol in the urea cycle?

A

Citrulline

49
Q

In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus 1, the formation of what type of compound is formed?

A

Ketone body

50
Q

What makes a FA unsaturated?

A

Presence of 1+ double bonds

51
Q

Why is carnitine shuttle important for FA degradation?

A

Required for transport of LCFAs from cytosol to the MM

52
Q

Bile salts are critical to initial stages of digestion of triaglycerols in the duodenum because they ____.

A

Emulsify the TAG globules to have a greater surface area, which increases lipase activity

53
Q

FAs have advantages over saccharides as energy storage structures. FAs are not generally hydrated as are monosaccharides and polysaccharides. What is an important advantage of this feature?

A

FAs can pack more closely in adipose tissue

54
Q

What type of reaction takes place when NADPH is used in a metabolic pathway?

A

Reduction

55
Q

Where does digestion of lipids begin?

A

Stomach

56
Q

Where does FA beta-oxidation take place?

A

Mitochondria

57
Q

What enzyme functions as What is the primary product of the action of pancreatic lipase on TAGs?

A

2-monoacylglycerol

58
Q

Where are the highest concentrations of TAG found?

A

Chylomicrons

59
Q

When beta-oxidation (FA degradation) takes place, a fragment is removed from the carboxyl end of the fatty actyl CoA. How many carbons are removed in the fragment?

A

2 carbons

60
Q

What is the function of cholecystokin (CCK)?

A

Acts on gallbladder to release bile

61
Q

Which 2 systems control amino acid degradation?

A

ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome

ATP-independent

62
Q

ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome system is located in which organelle?

A

Cytosol

63
Q

ATP-independent system of amino acid degradation occurs in which organelle?

A

Lysosomes

64
Q

In pancreatic digestion, peptides are cleaved via ____ and ____.

A

Endo- and exo-peptidases

65
Q

Deficiencies of pancreatic secretion leads to incomplete digestion and ____.

A

Steatorrhea

66
Q

Di- and tri-peptides are taken up by what kind of transport system?

A

Proton-linked

67
Q

Cystinuria is the error in ____ transport.

A

Amino acid

68
Q

Liver disease demonstrates elevated level of what enzymes?

A

Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase

69
Q

Ammonium/ammonia is buffer system, true or false?

A

True

70
Q

Glutamate dehydrogenase uses what in disposal of amino acids?

A

NH2 of glutamate and NAD+

71
Q

What are the essential FAs from plant sources?

A

Linolenic and linoleic acids

72
Q

Excess dietary CHO and PRO may be stored as what?

A

TAG

73
Q

ACC is ___ activated by citrate.

A

Allosterically

74
Q

ACC is inactivated by long-chain fatty ____.

A

Acyl CoA

75
Q

List the 5 steps of TAG synthesis:

A 
G3P
Lysophosphatidic acid
DAG phosphate
DAG
TAG
76
Q

Lipases branches off how many FAs?

A

2

77
Q

Mixed micelles have what special function?

A

Allows crossing from membrane

78
Q

Liver cholesterol utilizes what?

A

Acetyl CoA

NADPH

79
Q

Which amino acid is both glucogenic and ketogenic?

A

Threonine

80
Q

PLP is a derivative of what?

A

D6

81
Q

L-phenylalanine leads to L-tyrosine via what enzyme?

A

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

Biochem 2 (3 decks)

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