Exam I part II

Question 1

Which stage of B cell development is antigen drive?

Answer 1

differentiation

Question 2

What is produced during maturation phase?

Answer 2

mature naive B cell that expresses both IgM and IgD, cannot undergo VDJ rearrangement

Question 3

major outcomes of differentiation

Answer 3

plasma and memory cells

Question 4

3 major classes of B cell antigens

Answer 4

T-independent 1, 2 and T dependent

Question 5

What induces T dependent B cells? T independent?

Answer 5

bacteria (protein), bacteria (LPS)

Question 6

T-independent B cells

Answer 6

polysaccharide Ag attach BCR -> B-1 cell and marginal zone cell production -> produce IgM and low affinity AB, short lived plasma cells

Question 7

Importance of somatic hypermutation

Answer 7

can increase (memory cells and isotope switching), decrease or have no effect on Ag binding affinity. modest affinity = plasma cell

Question 8

Neutralization

Answer 8

blocks toxin, virus or venom from binding to host cell

Question 9

Ag binding region of Ig? Immune effector function region

Answer 9

variable region, constant (Fc)

Question 10

L chain isotopes, H chain

Answer 10

L = k and lambda (no functional difference)
H = µ, delta, gamma, epsilon and alpha (determine Ig)

Question 11

Common Ig before isotope switching

Answer 11

IgM

Question 12

portion of Ag that binds Ab

Answer 12

epitope

Question 13

ability of organism to harm host

Answer 13

pathogenicity

Question 14

measurement of level of pathogenicity

Answer 14

virulence

Question 15

How do phagocytes kill?

Answer 15

via ROS, RNS or oxygen independent mechanisms

Question 16

targets of intracellular bacteria

Answer 16

epithelial cells, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, macrophages

Question 17

hyper activated macrophage

Answer 17

macrophages enhanced by Th1 cells to dispose of invaders but can also cause side effects and harm host

Question 18

cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 18

heat, redness, swelling, pain and loss of function

Question 19

two phases of inflammation

Answer 19

vascular = vasodilation, increased vascular permeability
cellular = cell trafficking, phagocytosis, killing and degradation

Question 20

cause of acute inflammation

Answer 20

physical/chemical damage

Question 21

cause of chronic inflammation

Answer 21

persistent infection

Question 22

acute immune cells

Answer 22

neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, mast cells and sometimes eosinophils/basophils

Question 23

chronic immune cells

Answer 23

monocytes/macrophages, T cells, sometimes neutrophils

Question 24

foreign body granulomas

Answer 24

response to suture

Question 25

infectious granuloma

Answer 25

tuberculosis, leprosy, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis

Question 26

immune non-infectious granuloma

Answer 26

sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease

Question 27

NALT inductive site, effector site

Answer 27

tonsils, lacrimal and nasal glands/salivary glands

Question 28

two methods of Ag sampling in gut

Answer 28

M cell transcytosis - CCR6+ DCs | direct sampling from lumen by CXCR1 + DCs

Question 29

location and function of M cells

Answer 29

gut epithelium, Ag sampling

Question 30

mucosa type in BALT? NALT

Answer 30

type I; Ag sampling by DCs | type II; Ag sampling by M cells and DCs

Question 31

inductive site in BALT? effector site

Answer 31

bronchial epithelium, bronchial glands and mammary glands

Question 32

How does Ag exposure induce response at distant effector?

Answer 32

lymph drainage and migration of T and B cells

Question 33

main constituents in SALT

Answer 33

``` epidermis = non vascularized basal mem dermis = lymph and blood vessels hypodermis = passive barrier defense ```

Question 34

Where are langerhans cells

Answer 34

SALT, epidermis