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Virus Lectures Flashcards

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1
Q

Childhood viral infections

A

measles, respiratory syncytial virus, varicella zoster, poliovirus, rotavirus

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2
Q

(-)ssRNA viruses

A

measles, RSV, hep delta, rabies, influenza

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3
Q

dsRNA viruses

A

rotavirus

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4
Q

dsDNA viruses

A

chicken pox, hep B, adenovirus, HSV1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, EBV, HPV

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5
Q

non-enveloped viruses

A

poliovirus, rotavirus, hep A, E, adenovirus, rhinovirus, HPV

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6
Q

Measles and RSV replication

A

buds from cell surface, cytoplasm replication, fusion creates syncytia
- RSV infects ciliated cells on respiratory tract; replication limited to respiratory tract

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7
Q

Measles complications

A
  • immune suppression because interference with CD46 and signaling lymphocyte activation molecules (CD46)
  • opportunistic infections arise
  • blindness in vit A deficient children
  • acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (demyelinating disease)
  • subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
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8
Q

Measles vaccination/treatment

A

vaccine = live attenuate; life long immunity

  • vit A reduce severity
  • NO antivirals
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9
Q

RSV prevention

A

ribavirin and passive immunoprophylaxis (palivizumab -> targets F protein)

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10
Q

Varicella zoster replication

A

replicates in nucleus of active cell; resides in resting cell (ex: neuron) as latent infection (circular genome); infects neighboring cells first

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11
Q

Chicken pox vaccination/antivirals

A

life-long immunity; line attenuated vaccine
antivirals = acyclovir; interferes with genome replication but cannot eliminate latent virus and does not prevent infection of cells

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12
Q

Poliovirus replication

A

creates pore in cell membrane, genome serves as mRNA and replicates in cell cytoplasm
- primary replication in peyer’s patches of small intestine (minor viremia), secondary replication (major viremia)

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13
Q

CNS damage with poliovirus

A

due to viral replication in gray matter of brain and spinal cord

  • limb paralysis from ant horn cell damage
  • respiratory paralysis from damage to medulla oblongata
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14
Q

poliovirus prevention

A

vaccination

  • Salk = killed
  • sabin = live attenuated
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15
Q

Rotavirus replication

A

disrupt membrane (genome never exposed), dump nucleocapsid into cytoplasm and replicate in cell

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16
Q

how is rotavirus diagnosed?

A

antigens in stool

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17
Q

Rotavirus prevention

A

vaccines- rotateq (2,4,6 mo) and rotarix (2, 4 mo)

  • No antivirals
  • proper hygiene
  • treat by oral rehydration
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18
Q

Hepatitis viruses transmission

A

fecal - oral = HAV, HEV
sexual = HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV
vertical (mother to child) = HBV, HCV, HDV
parental (sharing needles) =HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV

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19
Q

Which virus has the smallest genome of human viruses?

A

HBV

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20
Q

HBV biology

A

not grown in culture, genome has RNA intermediate, cccDNA is used as template for transcription, requires liver specific transcription factors, produce empty particles present in infected people

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21
Q

HBV prevention

A

vaccine = multiple inoculations, not effective against chronic infection
treatment for chronic = interferon alpha therapy and nucleoside analogs (adefovir, lamivudine, tenogovir)

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22
Q

Which virus requires an active HBV infection?

A

HDV

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23
Q

HCV biology

Study These Flashcards
A
  • genome passed into cytoplasm

- genome template for translation (missing cap, ribosomes recognize internal ribosome entry sites (IRES)

24
Q

HCV treatment

Study These Flashcards
A

ZEPATIER -> on market to treat some genotypes

- no vaccine

25
Hepatitis infections general symptoms
malaise, anorexia, vomiting, jaundice
26
HAV prevention
vaccination - HAVrix, VAqta killed/inactivated vaccine
27
Which hepatitis infection is life threatening for pregnant women?
HEV
28
Which hepatitis infections can become chronic?
HBV, HCV, HDV
29
Hepatitis incubation periods shortest to longest
HAV, HEV, HCV, HBV and HDV
30
Which hepatitis infections can be asymptomatic?
all (HDV is possible)
31
Which hepatitis infections have long term sequelae?
HBV, HCV, HDV
32
What is arthropod transmission?
virus transmitted through vectors - mosquitoes, ticks reservoirs - birds and small mammals transmission requires replication in vector
33
EEE and VEE replication
introduced through bite of infected arthropod, infect cells locally or carried by langerhans cells to LN, replication and release into blood stream, can infect other organs (CNS)
34
EEE and VEE prevention
vaccine (live = TC-83, inactivated = C-84) - only provided to at risk military and researchers - no treatment - mosquito repellent to prevent
35
West nile virus prevention
no vaccine or treatment | - mosquito repellent to prevent
36
Why is the range for EEE and WNV so different?
species associated with diseases habitat ranges are in these areas
37
Rabies virus biology
- only replicate in cytoplasm - genome order dictates abundance of transcripts and proteins - binding of N to RNA triggers genome replication - frequently produces defective interfering particles
38
Spread of rabies
replicates locally until finds neurons -> moves passively in axoplasm of peripheral nn to spinal ganglia, spinal cord and brain -> spreads back to periphery highly innervates salivary glands and replicates
39
Rabies prevention
- vaccine - post exposure prophylaxis administered immediately for bites that break skin (4 doses), also receive immunoglobulin (RIG) - vaccination of dogs and animals essential
40
Which retrovirus does not cause human disease?
spumavirus
41
What do simple retroviruses encode?
Gag, Pro, Pol, Env genes
42
Retrovirus replication
attachment -> entry -> reverse transcription (ssRNA genome to dsDNA) -> integration (virus dsDNA into host making provirus) -> transcription from provirus -> translation -> assembly -> release -> maturation (protease activity)
43
Why is reverse transcription important in retrovirus?
defining feature - initiates once nucleocapsid is in cytoplasm (need higher levels NTPs present) - occurs in large complex similar to nucleocapsid - infection cannot progress without
44
How is reverse transcription promiscuous between genome copies?
- "silent" when copies are identical | - many recombinations when different genomes in virion
45
Retrovirus integration
must access nucleus - during mitosis - requires dividing cells - importation- can infect non-dividing cells 3' end processing of dsDNA attack target DNA, nick created host repair
46
What are integration identified oncogenes?
transcription factors, secreted growth factors, growth factor receptors, cell signal transduction pathways
47
Slow retrovirus disease
effect is like high-level mutagenesis | eventually results in tumorigenesis
48
cytopathic retrovirus
minority of retroviruses carry cytopathic genes, cause tissue damage directly
49
acute transforming viruses
induce rapid tumor formation, carry host genes (mitogenic or antiapoptotic), often replication defective because host gene replaces an essential gene
50
Which HTLV is most often associated with humans?
HLTV-1
51
HLTV transmission
``` person to person - mother to child via breastfeeding (endemic areas) - sharing needles - blood transfusions - sexual transmission within host - highly cell associated - primary mode for spread is contact between infected and naive cells ```
52
HTLV-1 prevention and treatment
prevention - no breastfeeding for HTLV-1 pos mothers - increase screening for blood products Treatment - ATLL = lymphoma/leukemia chemotherapy - HAM/TSP = corticosteroid, interferon yield temporary relief of symptoms
53
What a worldwide pandemic with significant impact?
HIV; highest in sub-saharan Africa
54
HIV transmission
sexual, paternal (mainly transfusions), mother to infant
55
HIV infection
begins virus containing blood of body fluid to a mucosal surface or blood, targets memory T cells (CD4+)
56
HIV prevention and treatment
``` prevention - protection during sex - blood screening treatment - antivirals; NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), protease inhibitors, NNRTI (non NRTI), HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy -combines 3 of treatment options) ```

Microbiology (8 decks)

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