exam II

Question 1

early childhood growth

Answer 1

rate slows, long torso, adult-like head/body ratio, losing baby teeth, lowest body fat

Question 2

what influences motor skills in early childhood?

Answer 2

practice, community learning, cultural support

Question 3

brain growth at early childhood

Answer 3

slower, 75% at age 2 and 95% at age 9, maturing prefrontal cortex

Question 4

primitive thinking

Answer 4

unsystematic, symbolism, etc

Question 5

animism

Answer 5

natural objects are alive like humans

Question 6

centration

Answer 6

focusing on one way of thinking and perceiving, without acknowledging any alternatives

Question 7

vgotsky theory of children learning

Answer 7

social interaction in maturation

Question 8

zone of proximal development

Answer 8

skills a person can perform with
assistance, but not quite independently

Question 9

autobiographical memory

Answer 9

memory of personally meaningful events, end to infantile amnesia (no memories before age 3)

Question 10

theory of mind 3-4 yrs

Answer 10

4 yr olds recognize other ppls minds may differ, appearances can be deceptive

Question 11

what helps to develop theory of mind?

Answer 11

simulation, maturing of brain structures

Question 12

basic grammar assets

Answer 12

syntax (word order), plurals, pronouns

Question 13

initiative vs guilt

Answer 13

early childhood - sense of purposefulness/pride, play, parents

Question 14

early childhood emotional development influences

Answer 14

neurological maturation, genetic variations, early stress, care history

Question 15

emotional socialization

Answer 15

process of learning how to express feelings in a way that is
appropriate for your culture

Question 16

by 2, most kids know…

Answer 16

whether they are boys or girls

Question 17

by 4, most kids…

Answer 17

have developed beliefs about “gender appropriateness”

Question 18

social learning/behaviorism gender differences

Answer 18

gender roles learned through reinforcement/punishment, observing/modeling

Question 19

cognitive theory gender differences

Answer 19

gender schema/constancy, categorize self/others

Question 20

baumrind parenting styles / four important dimensions that influence parenting:

Answer 20

expression of warmth/nurturance, strategies for discipline, quality of communication, expectations for maturity

Question 21

four categories of parenting styles

Answer 21

authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, neglectful/uninvolved

Question 22

criticisms of baumrind

Answer 22

ignored personalities, social statuses, cultural variation

Question 23

types of play

Answer 23

parallel, cooperative, functional, constructive, sociodramatic

Question 24

healthiest age range

Answer 24

middle childhood (6-11)

Question 25

middle childhood brain development pattern

Answer 25

use it or lose it

Question 26

adrenarche

Answer 26

first hormonal changes preparing the body for puberty, typically age 5-9yrs

Question 27

asthma percentage of affecting

Answer 27

about 15% of children, more common w age

Question 28

obesity percentage of affecting

Answer 28

more than 17%

Question 29

concrete operations

Answer 29

~7-12, flexibility of thought, logical, mental operations

Question 30

concrete operations concepts

Answer 30

reversibility, classification, hierarchical relationships, conservation, seriation

Question 31

seriation

Answer 31

arranging objects in orderly series

Question 32

information processing theory concrete operatoinal

Answer 32

expanded knowledge base, memory, automatization, myelination

Question 33

automatization

Answer 33

repetition of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine & less effortful

Question 34

comorbidity

Answer 34

two or more medical conditions present @ same time

Question 35

multifinality

Answer 35

one cause can have multiple manifestations

Question 36

equifinality

Answer 36

one symptom can have many causes

Question 37

metalinguistic awareness

Answer 37

figures of speech

Question 37

pragmatics

Answer 37

knowing appropriate time to swear

Question 38

ADHD prevalence

Answer 38

10% of school aged children in US

Question 39

industry vs inferiority

Answer 39

independence, peers influence

Question 40

ways of bullying

Answer 40

physical violence, relational aggression, bias-related bullying

Question 41

3 primary forces moral development

Answer 41

peer norms, personal experience, empathy

Question 42

preconventional stage of kohlberg moral reasoning

Answer 42

children use concrete and self- centered (egocentric) reasoning (rewards + avoiding punishments)

Question 43

conventional stage of kohlberg moral reasoning

Answer 43

children think more abstractly about what is right and wrong (social rules)

Question 44

postconventional stage of kohlberg moral reasoning

Answer 44

people can think abstractly and about right and wrong as something that supersedes rules and laws (morals/ideals)