Exam II Organogenetic Period Part II Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Upper limbs appear day ____, lower limbs appear day ____.
A
26, 28
2
Q
Limb development not complete until week ____.
A
8
3
Q
Differentiation begins in the ____ of the lateral somatic mesoderm.
A
Mesenchyme
4
Q
Each limb bud is made up of a ____ core covered by ectoderm.
A
Mesenchymal
5
Q
The end of each limb bud is covered by a thickening of the ectoderm called the ____.
A
Apical ectoderm ridge
6
Q
The apical ectodermal ridge produces signaling agents that control ____ development.
A
Limb
7
Q
Limb buds first appear on the ____ portion of the body walls.
A
Anterior
8
Q
Upper limb buds develop ____ lower (caudal) cervical somites.
A
Opposite
9
Q
Limb buds begin slightly ____ than their final location due to cranial development.
A
Lower
10
Q
Lower limb buds develop ____ the lumbar and upper sacral somites.
A
Opposite
11
Q
Initially, upper and lower limb bud development is ____ but as development progresses, each become more specialized.
A
The same
12
Q
Dermatome placement along limb bud has lower cervical ____.
A
Most distally.
13
Q
Blood vessels and cartilage bone model develop from mesenchyme adjacent to the ____.
A
Apical ectodermal ridge
14
Q
The apical ectodermal ridges ____ to form hand and foot plates.
A
Flatten
15
Q
Week ____, the hands precede the feet by a couple of days.
A
5
16
Q
The mesenchymal tissue in the hand and foot plates ____ to form digital rays.
A
Condense
17
Q
Digital rays are the primordium of fingers and toes and are present by the end of week ____.
A
6
18
Q
The apical ectodermal ridge ____ development of bones and the end of each digital rays.
A
Induces
19
Q
Phalanges form from the apical ectodermal ridge with loose ____ tissue between the phalanges.
A
Mesenchymal
20
Q
By the ____ week, the mesenchymal tissue between the phalanges deteriorates leaving individual fingers.
A
8th
21
Q
Development of the appendicular skeleton coincides with mesenchymal tissue ____ to form chondrification centers beginning week 5.
A
Aggregation
22
Q
A ____ skeleton in each limb is formed by the end of week 6.
A
Cartilaginous
23
Q
____ of the long bones begins in week 7.
A
Osteogenesis (ossification)
24
Q
The ____ is the first long bone to undergo osteogenesis.
A
Femur
25
Ossification centers are ____ in all of the long bones by week 12.
Present
26
Spinal nerves begin forming the ____ and ____ plexuses and enter the limbs during week 5.
Brachial and lumbosacral
27
Brachial and lumbosacral plexuses form ____ nerves.
Peripheral
28
____ nerves are the first to form in limb innervation.
Motor
29
Sensory nerves follow the motor nerves using them as ____.
Guides
30
Neural crest cells differentiate forming ____ cells.
Schwann cells
31
Neurolemma and myelin sheath are formed as part of the ____ cells.
Schwann
32
Dermatome patterns of ____ nerves form during innervation of the limbs phase.
Cutaneous
33
Hands ____ feet in innervation of the limbs.
Precede
34
Dermatomes are the principle foundation of manual muscle testing and fall under ____ law.
Hilton’s
35
Dermatomes are an area of skin originating from an individual ____.
Somite
36
Dermatomes are innervated by ____ spinal nerves.
Specific, individual
37
Development of the respiratory system begins week 4 and continues into the later part of the ____ period.
Fetal
38
Development of the respiratory system leads to formation of the following organs:
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
39
The respiratory system differentiates from the cranial portion of the foregut below the ____ pharyngeal arch.
4th
40
During respiratory development, formation of the laryngotracheal ____ occurs on the cranial end of the foregut below the 4th pharyngeal pouch.
Groove
41
The ____ lining of the laryngotracheal groove gives rise to the epithelium and glands of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and pulmonary epithelium.
Endodermal
42
During respiratory development connective tissue, cartilage, and smooth muscle develop from the ____ mesoderm surrounding the foregut.
Splanchnic
43
A pouch of laryngotracheal diverticula forms by the end of week ____ in respiratory development.
4
44
Laryngotracheal diverticula forms from invagination of the laryngotracheal ____.
Groove
45
As the laryngotracheal diverticulum grows, its ____ end enlarges to form a globular respiratory bud.
Distal
46
The globular respiratory bud is the beginning of the ____ and ____.
Lung and bronchi
47
The laryngotracheal diverticulum ____ from the primordial pharynx.
Separates
48
The laryngotracheal diverticulum communicates with the primordial pharynx through the primordial ____ inlet.
Laryngeal
49
During respiratory development, ____ of the trachea and the esophagus occurs.
Differentiation
50
As the laryngotracheal diverticulum ____, tracheoesophageal folds form in the laryngotracheal diverticulum.
Elongates
51
The tracheoesophageal folds grow ____ each other and fuse.
Toward
52
Tracheoesophageal fold fusion forms the tracheoesophageal ____ at the end of week 5.
Septum
53
Tracheoesophageal septum divides the cranial portion of the foregut into ____ and ____ parts.
Dorsal and ventral
54
Dorsal tracheoesophageal septum is the premordium of the ____ and ____.
Oropharyngeal and esophagus- alimentary
55
Ventral portion of tracheoesophageal septum contains ____ tube.
Laryngotracheal
56
The endodermal lining of the laryngotracheal tube differentiates into the ____ and the ____.
Epithelium
| Glands of the trachea
57
The cartilage, CT, and muscles of the trachea are derived from the ____ surrounding the laryngotracheal tube.
Splanchnic mesoderm
58
The respiratory bud that developed at the ____ end of the laryngotracheal diverticulum (week 4) divides into 2 lateral outpouchings.
Caudal
59
2 lateral oupouchings from laryngotracheal diverticulum are called ____.
Primary bronchial buds
60
Primary bronchial buds grow laterally into openings called ____ canals.
Pericardiopertioneal
61
Pericardioperitoneal canals are also called ____.
Primordia of the chest cavity
62
The primary bronchial buds develop ____ and ____ bronchial buds.
Secondary
| Tertiary
63
Early in week 5, the ____ become the main bronchi.
Bronchial
64
The main bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi that form ____, ____, and ____ branches.
Lobar, segmental, and intersegmental
65
Right lung has ____ lobes.
3
66
The right lung, superior secondary bronchus supplies the ____ lobe of the lung.
Superior
67
The right lung, inferior secondary bronchus subdivides into 2 bronchi, the ____ lobe and the ____ lobe.
Middle
| Inferior
68
The left lung has ____ lobes.
2
69
The 2 secondary bronchi supply the ____ and ____ lobes of the lung.
Upper
| Lower
70
Each secondary bronchus undergoes ____ branching
Progressive
71
Progressive branching forms ____ branches and then ____ branches at week 7.
Tertiary
| Intersegmental
72
10 segmental bronchi are in the ____ lung.
Right
73
8 or 9 segmental bronchi are in the ____ lung.
Left
74
As the segmental bronchi develop, the surrounding ____ also divides.
Mesenchyme
75
Segmental bronchi become ____ segments.
Bronchopulmonary
76
Approximately ____ bronchopulmonary segments form.
17
77
Bronchopulmonary segments fully completed by week ____.
24
78
Development of the gut begins in week ____ and continues through out the embryonic period and into the beginning of the fetal period.
4
79
Foregut development:
Celiac trunk
80
Midgut develops:
Superior mesenteric artery
| Develops outside the embryo
81
The hindgut develops:
Inferior mesenteric artery
82
Esophagus development begins just below the ____ in the cranial part of the foregut.
Pharynx
83
The esophagus is short in the beginning but lengthens rapidly because of the growth and movement of the ____ and ____.
Lungs
| Heart
84
Esophagus is separated from the ____ by the tracheoesophageal septum.
Tracheal
85
Esophagus is full length by week ____.
7
86
Superior 1/3 esophagus is striated muscle from pharyngeal arches ___ and ___.
4
| 6
87
Inferior 1/3 esophagus is smooth muscle from ____.
Splenic mesenchyme
88
Duodenum is the beginning of the ____ intestines.
Small
89
Duodenum develops from the ____ part of the foregut and cranial part of the midgut.
Caudal
90
Duodenum is supplied by both ____ and ____.
Celiac trunk
| Superior mesenteric artery
91
The ____ of the duodenum and esophagus are completely obliterated for a short period of time by the growth of the endothelium and glands of the lumen.
Lumen
92
The lumen of the duodenum reopens by week ____.
7
93
The midgut elongates and forms a ____ shaped loop.
U
94
Beginning week 6, the midgut loop ____ into the umbilical cord.
Herniates
95
The midgut’s herniated loop communicates with the ____ via the omphaloenteric duct.
Yolk sac
96
The midgut develops outside the ____ due to lack of space.
Abdominal cavity
97
The liver and kidneys are ____ large when the midgut develops outside of the abdominal cavity.
Disproportionally
98
At week 6, the midgut has ____ and ____ ends.
Cranial
| Caudal
99
Cranial end of midgut consists of:
Small intestine-elongated forming intestinal loops
100
Caudal end of midgut consists of:
Large intestine
101
Rotation and return of the midgut has a 180 degree ____.
Counter clockwise movement
102
The rotation and return of the midgut uses the ____ as the axis of rotation.
Superior mesenteric artery
103
Rotation and return of the midgut results in the cranial loop going ____ and the caudal loop going ____.
Right
| Left
104
Week 10 of midgut rotation and return, the midgut returns to the ____.
Abdomen.
105
The large intestine is initially on the right side of the abdomen but gradually shifts due to the rotation of the ____ and the growth of the ____.
Stomach
| Ascending colon
106
The large intestine shifts because of the growth of the ____.
Abdominal wall
107
Cecal swelling appears week 6 and is the premordium of the ____ and ____.
Cecum
| Appendix
108
The distinction between the midgut and hindgut is made where the ____ changes.
Blood supply
109
Midgut blood supply:
Superior mesenteric artery
110
Hindgut blood supply:
Inferior mesenteric artery
111
Cloaca is at the ____ end of the embryo.
Caudal
112
Initially, the ____ and the ____ drain into the cloaca.
Allantois
| Hindgut
113
The cloaca is eventually divided by the ____.
Urorectal septum
114
The cloaca wall folds ____.
Laterally
115
The urorectal septum divides the cloaca into 3 parts:
Rectum
Cranial portion of anal canal
Urogenital sinus (future urinary bladder urethra)
116
Anal canal cranial portion gets it’s blood supply what part of the inferior mesenteric artery?
Superior rectal branch
117
Which branch of the internal iliac artery does the rectum get it’s blood supply from?
Inferior rectal branch
118
Cancer of the prostate and rectum can sometimes go into the ____.
Lumbar spine
