Exam III

Question 1

Conditioned Avoidance Response

Answer 1

When you associate certain situations with symptoms of panic, then avoiding these places because it reduces anxiety symptoms thus reinforcing the avoidance behavior

Question 2

Prepared Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Our ancestors learned to fear and avoid certain objects or events that were dangerous, they passed them down, today we carry these and are biologically prepared to learn certain associations quickly

Question 3

Implosion Therapy

Answer 3

Imagine anxious ridden situation in head until anxiety decreases

Question 4

Flooding

Answer 4

Immerse the person in anxious ridden situation/setting until anxiety goes away

Question 5

Secondary Gain

Answer 5

Emotional support or gain of attention

Question 6

What are four questions that are asked to determine where along the continuum (from normal to abnormal) anxiety symptoms fall?

Answer 6

How realistic is it?
How severe is it?
How persistent is it?
How problematic or impairing is it?

Question 7

What are the most common obsessions people with OCD have?

Answer 7

Germs, aggressive impulses, sexual thoughts, repeated doubts, impulses to do something against your moral code (obsessive thoughts)
Checking compulsions

Question 8

Amenorreha

Answer 8

The extreme weight loss causes women and girls who have begun their menstruating to stop having menstrual cycles

Question 9

Restricting type of Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 9

simply refuse to eat as a way of preventing weight gain

Question 10

Binge/Purge type of Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 10

people periodically engage in bingeing or purging behaviors (are still below the 15% below healthy body weight and have amenorrhea)

Question 11

Purging type of Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 11

people who self induce vomiting, or use purging medications to avoid weight gain

Question 12

Nonpurging type of Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 12

people who use excessive exercise or fasting to control their weight, but do not engage in purging

Question 13

Complications of Anorexia

Answer 13

Lanugo (fine hair on newborns), gastritis (inflammation of stomach), hair loss, bradycardia (slowed heart rate), arrhythmia, hypothermia, osteopenia/osteoporosis, kidney problems, fertility problems

Question 14

Complications of Bulimia

Answer 14

Tooth decay, electrolyte imbalance, intestinal dysfunction, dehydration, fatigue, swollen glands, kidney problems, fertility problems

Question 15

What are some examples of Eating Disorder NOS?

Answer 15

Chewing and spitting out food, not swallowing
Purging after eating small amounts of food (like after 2 cookies)
Binging/Purging happens less than required for diagnosis

Question 16

Partial-Syndrome Eating Disorders

Answer 16

Syndromes on the less severe end of the continuum of eating disorders that don’t meet the full criteria for anorexia or bulimia

Question 17

Ten years after treatment for an eating disorder, what percent of people are symptom free?

Answer 17

~40% fully recover

Question 18

Ten years after treatment for an eating disorder, how many people have improved but are occasionally symptomatic?

Answer 18

~ 35% Functioning better; some eating disorder symptoms

Question 19

Ten years after treatment for an eating disorder, how many people are chronically ill?

Answer 19

~ 25% chronically ill

Question 20

Ego Syntonic

Answer 20

in line with persons self-image, less likely to change

Question 21

Ego Dystonic

Answer 21

at odds with persons self-image, more likely to change

Question 22

On what axis are personality disorders placed?

Answer 22

Axis II

Question 23

What are the different clusters of personality disorders?

Answer 23

Odd, Eccentric
Dramatic, Erratic
Anxious, fearful

Question 24

What are the five dimensions of the Five Factor Model of Personality (AKA: “The Big Five”)?

Answer 24

Openness 
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness 
Neuroticism

Question 25

Paranoid PD

Answer 25

Chronic, pervasive mistrust and suspicion of other people that is unwarranted and maladaptive

Question 26

Schizoid PD

Answer 26

chronic lack of interest in avoidance of interpersonal relationships; emotional coldness toward others

Question 27

Schizotypal PD

Answer 27

Chronic pattern of inhibited or inappropriate emotion and social behavior, aberrant cognitions, disorganized speech

Question 28

Avoidant PD

Answer 28

pervasive anxiety, a sense of inadequacy, and fear of being criticized, which leads to the avoidance of social interactions and nervousness

Question 29

Dependent PD

Answer 29

Pervasive selflessness, need to be cared for, fear of rejection, leading to total dependence on a submission to others

Question 30

Obsessive-Compulsive PD

Answer 30

Pervasive rigidity in one’s activities and interpersonal relationships, including emotional construction, extreme perfectionism, and anxiety about even minor disruptions in one’s routine

Question 31

What does the acronym FUMES refer to?

Answer 31

``` Fearless Unresponsive to pain Muscular Empathy deficient Stimulation seeking ```

Question 32

According to [MW], what are the two main factors of psychopathy?

Answer 32

- The Affective-Cognitive Instability: glibness, a grandiose sense of self, pathological lying, conning-manipulative behaviors, lack of remorse, shallow affect, callousness and lack of empathy, and failure to accept responsibility - The Behavioral-Social Deviance: higher need for stimulation, a parasitic lifestyle, poor behavioral controls, early behavioral problems, lack of realistic goals, impulsivity, irresponsibility, having been adjudicated delinquent, and a history of violating supervision or probation.

Question 33

Understand the various factors that contribute to the development of psychopathy, as described in [MW]

Answer 33

o Environmental factors such as poverty, exposure to violence, sexual or physical abuse, dishonesty, substance abuse, deviant sexual patterns…

Question 34

Dementia

Answer 34

characterized by a number of cognitive defects – mostly memory deficit (doesn’t return spontaneously or come back because of cues)

Question 35

Delirium

Answer 35

characterized by disorientation, recent memory loss, and a clouding of consciousness

Question 36

Amnesia

Answer 36

- Unlike dementia and delirium, in amnesic disorders only memory is affected - Can be caused by TBI, illness (e.g. cancer, encephalopathy) stroke, etc. - Loose autobiographical information

Question 37

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 37

impaired ability to learn new information

Question 38

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 38

impaired ability to recall previously learned information

Question 39

Aphasia

Answer 39

language disturbance, language deterioration

Question 40

Echolalia

Answer 40

unable to understand what a person says so repeating what you hear

Question 41

Palilalia

Answer 41

unable to understand what a person says so repeating sounds or words over and over

Question 42

Apraxia

Answer 42

inability to carry out motor activities, even though limbs work fine, message from brain to limbs doesn’t work (common actions like waving or putting on a shirt)

Question 43

Agnosia

Answer 43

failure to recognize or identify objects despite intact sensory functioning

Question 44

What is Alzheimer’s disease? What are the brain abnormalities associated with it, and what are the etiological theories of it?

Answer 44

- Begins with mild memory loss, as disease progresses the deterioration and memory loss become profound - Brain abnormalities are: Tangles (inside the cell, prevents cell from getting nutrients = cell death) Plaques: deposits of a protein between cells important for cell communication // shrinking of cortex // enlargement of ventricles // cell death in brain - Etiological theories: genes that might transmit a vulnerability to this disorder and on the beta-amyloid proteins that form the plaques in AZ patients

Question 45

What are medical conditions that can cause dementia?

Answer 45

Parkinson’s disease HIV Huntington’s Disease

Question 46

Sun-Downing

Answer 46

Cognitive abilities become worse at night

Question 47

Korsakoff’s

Answer 47

in heavy alcohol uses can cause damage to the thalamus (part of the brain that acts as a relay station for other parts of the brain) and is like amnesia

Question 48

What are the most common anxiety disorders diagnosed in older adults?

Answer 48

Anxiety is the most common 15% over the age of 65 experience it (GAD)

Question 49

What makes medication management of anxiety disorders in older adults more challenging than in younger adults?

Answer 49

o Medication management: with age comes changes in drug absorption and distribution, metabolism and sensitivity to side effects also tolerance build up

Question 50

How common is depression in older adults and how does it reduce quality and length of life among this population?

Answer 50

o 1-5% of older people have depression in general pop, in care/homes = 12-20% - Suicide is highest for older white males who are depressed - Is a great burden on quality of life - Depression can hasten the progression of several medical diseases

Question 51

Depletion Syndrome

Answer 51

many depressed elders show loss of interest, loss of energy, hopelessness, helplessness, and psychomotor retardation

Question 52

Complicated Grief

Answer 52

often leads to clinical depression, tends to be characterized by profound guilt, thoughts that one would be better off dead, profound inactivity, persistent impairment in functioning, and hallucinations that go beyond the common experience of hearing or seeing a dead loved one

Question 53

What disorders can be easily mistaken for depression in older adults?

Answer 53

Dementia

Question 54

What are some ways that depression can be differentiated from dementia?

Answer 54

- People who are depressed usually have less severe memory problems then people with dementia, and they are also more aware of their memory problems than people with dementia - The noncognitive symptoms of depression (hopelessness, fatigue, loss of motivation) tend to be ore severe in people with depression than dementia - Depressed people have problems with free recall memory tasks but not recognition memory tasks, people with dementia have problems with both

Question 55

What substance abuse disorders do older adults tend to develop?

Answer 55

- Alcohol abuse | - Older adults are more likely and no misuse and abuse prescription drugs compared to younger people (1/3rd)

Question 56

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 56

is a degenerative disease that affects the nervous system – tremors, muscular stiffness, weakness in throat and facial muscles, stiffness in legs neck, talking and swallowing becomes difficult and taxing, Bradykinesia (slowness in goal-directed movement, and poor balance and postural instability

Question 57

Pseudo-Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 57

seems to come more directly from accumulated head trauma, does not display all symptoms directly related to Parkinson’s disease

Question 58

What are the 4 different types of reactions to anxiety?

Answer 58

Somatic Cognitive Emotional Behavioral

Question 59

What are the somatic reactions to anxiety?

Answer 59

increase in heart rate & respiration, muscle tension, shaking, dry mouth

Question 60

What are the Cognitive reactions to anxiety?

Answer 60

anticipation of harm, rumination, sense of unreality, problems concentrating

Question 61

What are the emotional reactions to anxiety?

Answer 61

fear, terror, irritability, restlessness, dread

Question 62

What are the behavioral reactions to anxiety?

Answer 62

Escape, avoidance, hypervigilance (big eyes on the lookout), aggression, freezing

Question 63

Specific Phobia

Answer 63

• Marked and persistent fear of an object or situation (irrational because have never had a bad experience with phobia) • Exposure provokes immediate anxiety response - Recognition that fear is excessive or unreasonable (not for children) - Avoid or endure with intense distress - Produces marked distress or interferes with normal functioning

Question 64

Specific Phobia lifetime prevalence

Answer 64

13%

Question 65

Specific Phobia course

Answer 65

begins during childhood, stable and persistent

Question 66

Specific Phobia comorbidity

Answer 66

- Other Anxiety Disorders, Major Depression, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder - However, more likely than any other anxiety disorder to be circumscribed - 90% of people with specific phobia don’t seek treatment