Exam IV Flashcards

Question

Germinal Centers

Answer 1

- Collection of immune cells - Organized to scan everything that enters the mouth Sends information to the tonsils

Answer 2

- Increase plasma osmolarity - Decrease blood pressure

Answer 3

- Immune messengers

Answer 4

Have more of their body in the cortex

Answer 5

Attack beta cells in pancreas

Answer 6

- Mesangial cells - Decrease blood flow and blood pressure - Restrict filtration

Answer 7

- Attack cells that are nonself - Commit suicide - Secrete cytokines and free oxygen radicals - Kill with **NETs**.... neutrophil extracellular traps - Accumulate at the site of an infection and turn into pus

Answer 8

- Filtrate leaves Henle ~100 mosm - Enters collecting duct... higher osm. in the interstitial space - Water moves to higher osm - Osm gradient pulls water out of the collecting duct into the interstitial fluid - Urine filtrate ~ 1200 mosm

Answer 9

- Microorganisms need free iron to grow - Stored in the liver and spleen Fevers reduce free iron

Answer 10

1. Na enters the cell (from the tubule lumen) through membrane proteins moving down its chem gradient 2. Na is pumped out into the interstitial fluid (basolateral side) by the Na/K ATPase Energy heavy process. When we get Na moving we can get other stuff to move as well.

Answer 11

From Glomerulus Into proximal tubule

Answer 12

- Constricts renal arterioles (especially **efferent)** - Increases GFR - Helps increase reabsorption in peritubular bed

Answer 13

**First Line** - Lymph passages *germinal centers* - GCs scan what enters the mouth and sends information to the tonisls

Answer 14

**3rd Line -** Human Leukocyte Antigens - Human MHC - First studied on the surface of WBCs

Answer 15

- Water impermeable - Ion permeable... ions pumped out in **thick limb** until filtrate is 100 mOsm - Lower part is generally passive diffusion - Concentration of solute goes down as ascend

Answer 16

- Kidney shaped nucleus - Big - Live in the blood circulation - Eat up invaders **Major Role:** precursors for macrophages

Answer 17

- Lifespan is 120 days - Hb

Answer 18

Hives without a cause

Answer 19

- The reason why we have such different tissue types on our surfaces - Protect from invading pathogens that might try to mimic surface markers on our cells - Populations with little genetic diversity are susceptible to pathogens

Answer 20

- **Negative Test** Second line

Answer 21

- Travels through lungs and acted upon by **ACE** --\> angiotensin II (active form)

Answer 22

- Built in - Already present - Always on - Non-specific

Answer 23

- Vasoconstriction in the periphery - Conserve heat in the core - Shivering makes more heat

Answer 24

**mg/min** = plasma concentration (mg/mL) \* renal plasma flow (mL/min) - Overall load into kidneys -

Answer 25

- Make all the blood cells - Start as a **hemocytoblast**... pluripotent - Two brances: **myeloid** and **lymphoid** progenitors

Answer 26

Macula Densa Cells

Answer 27

"Countercurrent exchanger" - Readily exchanges **Na, Cl, Water**

Answer 28

- In bodily secretions - Punches holes in bacterial cell walls

Answer 29

- 1-3% of WBC - Involved in allergies and defense against parasites

Answer 30

**Second Line** **-** 20 or so aseemble into **MAC** - Series of protein from the liver that circulate in the blood - Ability to recogize foreign cells - See foreign cell --\> assemble into membrane attack complex - Make a hole and kill - 20 proteins involved.... **C3** is at the center of the whole mechanism

Answer 31

- Inhibits **Angiotensin Converting Enzyme** - Blocks Angtiotensin-II

Answer 32

- Complement system and killer cells target things covered in Ab - Antibody/antigen complex facilitates phagocytosis through.... **- N*eutralization of function*** ***- Agglutination,*** ***- Precipitation*** - All of these enhance inflammatory response

Answer 33

- Renal plasma flow **decreases** - GFR **increases** due to back-up pressure - Reabsorption in the peritubular bed **increases** because the fluid is not moving as quickly

Answer 34

- Blood pressure medication - Block sodium reuptake in the distal tubule - Diuertic

Answer 35

Penicillin PAH (para aminohippuric acid) Aspirin Bile Salt

Answer 36

Proximal tubule

Answer 37

**Macrophage Inhibitor Factor** - Keeps the macrophage on the scene instead of roaming the body as it usually does

Answer 38

- Oil on the poison ivy plant - **Delayed type hypersensitivity** - Get fluid filled swelling (from leaky vessels)

Answer 39

**75-90%**

Answer 40

Components of bacterial cell walls can induce fevers

Answer 41

Inflammatory bowel disease - NOT IBS

Answer 42

- 20% of cardiac output - 1.2 L/ min - 600 mL plasma/ min - Split evenly between the two kidneys

Answer 43

Body makes thyorid agonist/antagonist

Answer 44

1. Na is reabsorbed by active transport 2. Electrochemical gradient drives anion reabsorption 3. Water moves by osmosis following solute reabsorption 4. Concentrates of other solutes increase as fluid volume in the lumen decreases. Permeable solutes are reabsorbed by diffusion

Answer 45

Moving compounds from the blood into the proximal tubule

Answer 46

Body makes cortisol agonist/antagonist

Answer 47

**Second Line** - Dump drainage into the thoacic duct - Then goes to subclavian veins - Collect excess fluid from the body and put back into circulation - Can get blockages in the thoracic duct... lymphodema - Drainage from the whole body except immunologically privileged sites

Answer 48

- Work with other cells to improve the immune response - Some say there are two populations (1 and 2) - Have **CD4** marker on the surface

Answer 49

- How the antibody is anchored in the membrane - Ab site is facing out

Answer 50

Dilate - increase Constrct - decrease

Answer 51

- Inhibit renin... stop AT-II cascade - Decrease AT-II, decrease reabsorption - Temporary increase GFR - Decrease Na reabsorb in tubule

Answer 52

- Increase blood volume

Answer 53

- Markers on the ouside of cells that antibodies can bind to

Answer 54

- How much of a substance is being put into the nephrons = ([X] in plasma) \* (GFR) **mg/min**

Answer 55

- Increase plasma osmolarity (dehydration)... increase ADH

Answer 56

- Some H+ secreted by kidney - Cell removes amine group from glutamine - Amine binds H+ to make ammonium (pka 9.2) - 9.2 \> 7.4 therefore stays ammonium - Pee the ammonium out

Answer 57

Reabsorb water to make a concentrated urine

Answer 58

- Someone else's tissue but with a matching tissue type (MHC match) - Usually from a relative

Answer 59

- Increase body water - Increas blood volume - Decrease plasma osmolarity

Answer 60

- Angiotensin converting enzyme ## Footnote **Angiotensin I --\> Angiotensin II**

Answer 61

**Increases** - Thirst - Salt hunger - ADH secretion - Water volume, BP, GFR

Answer 62

- Have one way valves - Only flow away from tissue

Answer 63

- Contains the **glomerulus** - In the cortex

Answer 64

- proteins that ciruclate and have the ability to bind to a specific structure called an **antigen** **3rd line**

Answer 65

**Second Line** - Substances in body that cause a rise in temperature

Answer 66

**Third Line** - If you are identified as a pathogen, attack - Specific ID card model

Answer 67

Inc. Aldosterone and Inc. Sodium Retention _- This increases....._ - Water retention - BP - GFR

Answer 68

- Stimulate the production of more T-Cells when needed

Answer 69

**3rd Line -** **Lymphocyte** - From bone marrow - When activated become **plasma cells** - Activated form has lots of rough ER

Answer 70

- Mark for destruction - When foreign antigens are covered with antibodies, they are attacked more efficiently - When virus is covered in antibodies, cannot adhere to other cells (be infectious)

Answer 71

1. Glomerulus 2. Peritubular

Answer 72

- T-cell growth factor - Sitmulates the growth of more T-cells - Especially those that have formed an **immune synapse** - **Clonal selection**

Answer 73

Loop of Henle

Answer 74

**Innate** - Non-specific ID model... **second line** - If you do not have the right ID markers on the cell, throw them out

Answer 75

- After two weeks, some specific Tc cells are held in reserve as memory cells - This is **active immunity**

Answer 76

Decrease ADH

Answer 77

- Root of all blood cells - Pluripotent

Answer 78

- Blockage of the thoracic duct - Common after breast cancer surgery

Answer 79

1. MIF 2. IL-2 3. Stimulate thymus to push out more T cells (might involve **Ti cells**)

Answer 80

- Ability of kidney to remove solute from blood (mL/min) - How many mL of plasma are completely cleared of a given substance?

Answer 81

**Second Line** 1. Drainage 2. Absorb fat in the gut 3. Filter fluids it collects through checkpoints called *lymph nodes*

Answer 82

- Proteins - CO2 - Kidney

Answer 83

**First Line** - Immune response when breached - Glands secrete immune defenses... low pH to inihbit bacterial growth... lysozyme in bodily secretions... antibodies

Answer 84

1. Loop of Henle 2. Urea Loop

Answer 85

- Pentamer - First antibody secreted during primary immune response - Promotes agglutination (things sticking together) reactions

Answer 86

IgM IgG IgD IgA IgE

Answer 87

**Lymphocyte - 3rd Line** - From the bone marrow - Go to the thymus for education - Leave thymus and are immunocompetent

Answer 88

**3rd Line**- Major Histocompatibility Complex - Type of cell surface ID marker - **Three classes** - In humans referred to as HLA proteins - Polymorphic

Answer 89

- High BP and hypertension - More visceral fat you have, the more angiotensinogen in circulation... - Increase AT-II, increase sodium/water retention, increase BP

Answer 90

- Can only see antigen in the context of MHC-1 - **Clonal selection** - TCR on Tc recognize foreign antibodies on MHC-1 - Only in synapse stimulated by IL-2

Answer 91

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Answer 92

- Respond to **allergen** - B cells ab receptors bind to allergen... convert to plasma cell - Produce IgE which stick to surface of mast cell - Mast cells accumulate granules full of **histamine** - Later exposure causes histamine release

Answer 93

particles per liter

Answer 94

- Some constant areas - Variablity towards top (part involved in recognition) - Especially variable parts are **hypervariable regions**

Answer 95

- No skin, lose water, dehydration - Need urea to maintain osmotic gradient and promote reabsorption - More reabsorb, less urine, less dehydration

Answer 96

- Permeable to water - Impermeable to salt - Suck water out - Increase concentration of filtrate in tubule - Do this to set up ascending limb

Answer 97

- Monitor **Na** and **Cl** (mostly Cl) concentrations in the distal tubule by macula densa cells - MDC talk to JC cells which release renin - Do not know how the communitcation works

Answer 98

1. NaCl (Cl more important) 2. Sympathetic neurons signal JG cells 3. Decrease the perfusion pressure in the afferent arteriole

Answer 99

IgM then IgG

Answer 100

- Diversity region - 15 of them

Answer 101

Immunosuppressant Drug - Kidney transplants

Answer 102

- 6... three sets of pairs - **Palatine** are the ones you can see **- Lingual** at the base of the tongue **- Adenoids** are behind and above the uvula

Answer 103

- Do not have normal blood circulation therefore do not have lymph - Cartilage, cornea

Answer 104

Erythropoietin - Increase RBC production

Answer 105

**Specific** - Lympocytes (T-Cells) - B Cells - Cell surface ID makrers - Specific ID Card Model

Answer 106

**Goals** - Slow growth of microorganisms - Reduce free iron - Increase activity of phagocytes

Answer 107

**Phase III** - Free antigen any form - IL-2 and IL-4 - B cells making the antibody (effector)

Answer 108

**Neutrophil Extracellular Traps** - Throw a bunch of fibers (DNA) - Ropes up invaders and holes them in place while the immmune system finishes them off

Answer 109

Attack connective tissue

Answer 110

- Transplant regions of skin from another species of mice onto the skin of young mice - Will tolerate - Only young cells... no memory for immune response/ rejection

Answer 111

- Ability of the kidney to remove a solute form blood **Excretion rate = ([x] in plasma) \* (plasma clearance)** mg/min - Can use the plasma clearance of a substance that is *only filtered* (not reabsorb or secrete) i.e. inulin or creatine

Answer 112

- Histamine antagonist - For gastric ulcers - Competes with cardiac drugs for arrythmia - Easy to overdose if taking both

Answer 113

**Membrane Attack Complex** - Second line complement system - Make a hole in foreign cell and kill it **C3** is at the center of the whole mechanism

Answer 114

- Secreted in secondary response - Most abundant form of antibody in the blood - Monomer

Answer 115

- RBC - WBC - Large protein

Answer 116

- Low pH - Lysozyme - Antibodies

Answer 117

- Gets drainage from the lymph system - Dumps it into the subclavian veins - Can get blocked... called **lymphodema**

Answer 118

- T cells presented with an antigen by a virally-infected cell on its MHC-1 - Viral antigen is the same as self-antigen (coincidence) - T-cells continue to attack self-antigen

Answer 119

Renin Vitamin D3 (Calcitriol) EPO

Answer 120

- Allergic reactions - Cause swelling, leaky vessels, itching - Release promoted by IgE

Answer 121

V\*J\*D 37,500

Answer 122

Systematic - Immune system attacks all over the face Butterfly rash

Answer 123

**Nephron** **-** Part in cortex, part in medulla - 1 million nephrons in a kidney

Answer 124

- We think they have CD4 - Turn down immune response - Unclear how they work

Answer 125

- Make H2CO3 - Combine with phosphoric acid which can be deprotonated as needed - Ammonium Ion Trap

Answer 126

- MHC-1 proteins display viral antigens - Tc use **CD8** to recognize antigens in MHC-1 groove and form **immune synapse** (Tc and MHC restricted) - Tc cells in synapse do nothing until Th cells recognize antigens on macrophage MHC-2 receptors and secrete **IL-2**... then cytotoxic and replication(clonal selection) - Takes a week to get peak response - After 2 weeks, Ts cells turn down the response

Answer 127

- An accute allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive

Answer 128

- Hide inside a cell - Knock out Th cells - Waxy exterior - Change surface antigens

Answer 129

Inhibit T Cells - Increase Tr activity/ stimulate release of inihibitory cytokines - Promoting helpful gut microflora

Answer 130

- Decrease BP - Sympathetic input for **mesangial cell contraction** - Shuts down the glomerulus - Shuts down areas of kidneys to retain fluid and try to raise BP

Answer 131

- Lifespan is 8 hours - Phagocytic - Multilobed nucleus - Increase in number during infection - Can consume invading cells **Major Job:** attack cells that are nonself

Answer 132

- Killing ability for certain infected cells - Have **CD8** marker on their surface

Answer 133

- Increases the permeability of water in collecting duct - When ADH is low make a less concentrated urine because the duct is not permeable to water.

Answer 134

**Second Line** - Detects invaders (or cancers) - Eliminated things often before we know they are there! If there is a defect in immune surveillance, more infections and cancer

Answer 135

- Treatment for type II diabetes - Block glucose uptake so it does not get across - Glucose stays in lumen, pee it out.

Answer 136

- Measures plasma flowing into nephrones through glo. - GFR varies with RPF - Flow rate is constant over a wide variety of arterial pressures... only fluctates at extremes

Answer 137

- High angiotensin - High K+

Answer 138

- Splenomegaly - Lymphoma, leukemia, mono - Binds up platelets - Fewer platelets in circulation and perhaps issues clotting

Answer 139

**Increase** flow and filtration

Answer 140

**2 and 4** - Converts activated B cells to plasma cell - Antibody made in plasma cell is specific to pathogen - B cells and free antibodies bind to the antigen/invader in any form

Answer 141

37,500\*1500 = **56 million antibody binding specificities**

Answer 142

Decrease flow and filtration

Answer 143

- Transporters in nephron are saturated = (filtered load) - (excretion rate) **+** = reabsorb **-** = secreted

Answer 144

- Ciruclate around like regular old lymphocytes - When activated cell changes.... Get larger More cytoplasm Getting ready for battle

Answer 145

**Non-specific response** - A call to arms - There has been a breach of the first line... assemble! - Makes blood vessels in the area **leaky** **- Edema and erythema**

Answer 146

- Do not know where it is happening - Think it occurs in circulation

Answer 147

**Second Line** - Proteins that warn of infection - Cell realizes its been compromised by a pathogen... releases interferons to notify other cells - Alpha, beta, gamma types - Local cells alter metabolism to resist viruses (slow their replication processes)... reduce transcription, shorten half-life of RNA

Answer 148

- Try to do an allogeneic transplant with bone marrow - Body attacks transplanted tissue

Answer 149

**Vasa recta** off the peritubular bed Deep in the medulla

Answer 150

- Increas plasma osmolarity - Decrease blood pressure

Answer 151

- Protein not filtered in GFR - Blood into efferent arteriole has increase oncotic pressure - Use oncotic pressure to help with reabsorption Net filtration pressure is **10 mm Hg**

Answer 152

- Stop making blood cells - Can occur with no known cause - Also from exposure to chemicals, pathogens - Treat with a bone marrow transplant

Answer 153

**Phase I:** - Initial, nonspecific - Antigen presentation - Th (specific) **Phase IIa:** cell mediated immunity **Phase IIb:** humoral immunity

Answer 154

- Preserve VDJ - Change c regaion (Fc)

Answer 155

- Polysaccharide from plants - Filtered, not reabsorbed or secreted

Answer 156

- Dimer - Found in bodily secretions (breast milk, tears, saliva, mucus)

Answer 157

- Noticed that women who worked with cows never got smallpox (though they got cowpox- less severe, survivable) - Inject kid with cowpox... first vaccine

Answer 158

Somatic Recombination Combinatorial Diversity Imprecision around J regions Somatic Mutation

Answer 159

Aldosterone ADH ANF Sympathetic Nervous System PTH Angiotensin II

Answer 160

- We are too clean - Not enough enemies for immune system... boredom --\> overrations **Evidence**: Finland vs. Russia, worse in western world, farmers have less autoimmune diseases - Worm thing

Answer 161

- Prevent T cells from attacking self - Must receive 2 signals before attack 1. binding of antigen to T-cell receptor 2. Secretion/binding of a protein **B7**... if T cell is exposed to a self protein that is presented on a nonstimulatory cell, T cell will *die or become inactive*

Answer 162

**Antigen Presenting Cell** - Material presenting derives from thing eaten Macrophage

Answer 163

- Th and B in synapsis - Th release **IL-4** and B cell turns into plasma cell - Plasma cell works as antibody factory that is *pathogen specific* - Release ab into blood and lymph where they can bind pathogens and antigen presenting cells through **opsonization**

Answer 164

- Sodium glucose transporter 2 - In proximal tubule cells on the tubule lumen side

Answer 165

Found on all cells Diplays internally synthesized peptides

Answer 166

- Joining Region - Joining the variable parts of the C region - 5

Answer 167

Drains kidney into bladder

Answer 168

- Excretion of Na in urine - Caused by ANF - Increase volume of urine because osmotic forces make water follow Na

Answer 169

From tubules Into peritubular capillaries

Answer 170

- T-cells only detect antigen when it is being presented by MHC-2

Answer 171

- Cytokine - Endogenous pyrogen - Stimulatesd more T-Cell synthesis (especially helper T cells)

Answer 172

- Punch holes in cells covered in antibodies

Answer 173

Arcuate artery

Answer 174

- At the center of the MAC

Answer 175

- Th cell attached to macrophage's **MHC-2** using **TCR** - **CD4** on Th acts like co-receptor - Th cell is *activated* after synapse forms - Macrophage secretes **IL-1** - Th: secretes **MIF** and **IL-2**

Answer 176

Phagocytes, in an endosome **TB and Plague** RBCs **Malaria** Digestive Epithelium **Salmonella**

Answer 177

- Filled with ion pumps for **Na, K, Cl** - Pump out enough salt so the osmolarity inside is ~ 100 mosm at the top

Answer 178

- Checkpoints - Small organs with same lymphatic arrangement - Survey what happens in the fluid that passes through - Send warning signals if something is fishy - **immune surveillance**

Answer 179

- Same for all antibodies in the same class - Is what signals for destruction - Signals that antibodies are present and stuck to things

Answer 180

hypothalamus

Answer 181

- Phagocyte mobilization - Immune cells squeeze through spaces in epithelial cell lining capillaries to get to where they need to be

Answer 182

From collecting duct Into urine

Answer 183

- Drug - Diuretic - Inhibits ion pumps in the thick ascending limb - **Na, Cl, K** stay in the ascedning limb... go into urine, take water with them

Answer 184

- Use a Na/Glucose cotransporter **SGLT-2** - Glucose moves in through GLUT-2 - Use ATP pump that lowers Na to make gtadient

Answer 185

- Get your own tissue - Happens in some kinds of cancer - Risky but can work

Answer 186

- Science: none of them *prevent* infection but can minimally shorten duration of symptoms Zinc, vitamin C, chicken soup (thins mucus, mildly anti-inflammatory)

Answer 187

**Innate** "Cellular mechanisms, specific proteins, other things..." - Lymphatic - Bone Marrow - Non-specific cells - Other (interferon, temperature, complement) - Inflammation - Pattern recognition receptors - Non-specific ID model

Answer 188

- Along the outside of the distal tubule - Monitor [Na] and [Cl] in tubule

Answer 189

**Atrial Natriuretic Factor** - From right atrium of heart - Stretch RA - release ANF - Results in **natriuresis** (increase in urine flow mostly due to Na excretion... temporary) - Happens when there is too much body fluid

Answer 190

- **3rd Line, specific immune cells** - About the size of an RBC - Large nucleus takes up most of hte cytoplasm - have surface mounted receptors they use to bind to target antigens Examples: T-Cells and B-Cells

Answer 191

- Takes 1-3 days - Classic example is poison ivy

Answer 192

- Bag of blood and immune cells - Pneumonia fighting cells in the spleen - Many disorders worsen if spleen is not working - Thin membrane... can rupture/ get injured... removal

Answer 193

Affects ACh receptors in the thymus

Answer 194

**3rd Line** - All of your receptors and antibodies that can recognize antigens

Answer 195

- Punch holes in nonself cells - Secretory granules with perforin protein... dump into target cell - Perforin assembles into a complex that makes a big round hole - Also releases ranzymes - Important for immune surveillance

Answer 196

- Longer nephrons - Will focus on these ones

Answer 197

- Blood intro the glomerulus through an **afferent arteriole** - Leaves via the **efferent arteriole** - Efferent art. breaks into a cappillary bed that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules called the **peritubular capillary bed**

Answer 198

**Angioteninsogen + Renin** **Angiotensin I** ACE **Angiotensin II**

Answer 199

- Acts as an immune cytokine - Has been used for some cancer treatments with some success

Answer 200

- Glycoprotein - Have a groove for antigen peptide present for recognition - Found on *all nucleated cells* - Receptors: **heavy** and **beta-2-microglobulin**

Answer 201

- Some becomes urine - A LOT is reabsorbed

Answer 202

- Protein released by NKC - Dumps into target cell - Assembles into a complex that makes a round hole

Answer 203

- If you have a chunk of invading organism with antibodies gets eaten more easily

Answer 204

- Glucose - Ions - Water

Answer 205

**First Line** - Similar to lymphoid areas - In intestinal tract - Think they're monitoring what comes in

Answer 206

- Need **CD4** receptor to infect - Surface marker on virus attacks CD4 on T-Cells - Needs **CCR5** co-receptor - There are pepople with CCR5 mutation who are immune to HIV

Answer 207

The preitubular capillary bed

Answer 208

ALDOSTERONE

Answer 209

Example of **cell mediated immunity** - When someone rejects a graft it is usually CMI

Answer 210

- Sets up our osmotic gradient

Answer 211

- Integral proteins in phagocytic cell membranes - Recognize traditional forms of pathogens (bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites) in a non-specific way - Sends out signals... warning for the rest of the immune system to say something has been detected - Worked on by **Charles Janeway**

Answer 212

- Difference between cow and small pox is so small that T and B cells involved in immune response cannot tell the difference - **Edward Jenner**

Answer 213

- Innervated by the sympathetic nervous system - Have the ability to contract and close off regions of the capillary bed (stop blood flow) - If hemorrhaging.... decrease blood volume and pressure, restrict filtration

Answer 214

Typanosomes

Answer 215

**2nd Line** - Unsure what it is doing - Think it might be a reservoir for immune cells and certain types of gut bacteria - Think it helps set up a young person's immune system

Answer 216

Collecting Duct

Answer 217

- Made in liver, circulates blood - Renin + Angiotensinogen --\> Angiotensin I - Also produced by adipose tissue

Answer 218

- Immune education goes awry and lymphocytes attack self antigens - Some have a genetic component - Triggered by **autoimmune mimicry** after a viral infection

Answer 219

- Sympathetic resonse if decrease in blood pressure - Decrease BP ... Increase renin

Answer 220

- Not millions of genes... different regions that can be organized in different ways ## Footnote **C** **J** **D** **V**

Answer 221

Non-reactive T-Cells

Answer 222

- Where filtration occurs (after we have reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and gone through the loop of Henle)

Answer 223

- JG cells + MD cells

Answer 224

Glycoprotiens - Found ont he surface of immune cells (**macrophages, B-cells, *some* T-Cells)** - Groove for antigen peptide present for recognition

Answer 225

- Get mutations during transition to plasma cell

Answer 226

Potent Vasoconstrictor Acts on... - Adrenal cortex - Hypothalamus

Answer 227

- Monomer - More specialized - Surface of B cells... serves as a receptor

Answer 228

1. Renin 2. K+ levels in the blood

Answer 229

- Deltion in J region is not precise - also **somatic mutation**

Answer 230

Helper Inducer Cytotoxic Suppressor/Regulatory

Answer 231

- Stimulate the natural killer cells

Answer 232

Attack tissues in airways --\> inflammation

Answer 233

T-cell education

Answer 234

- Clusters of differentiation - Surface markers on immune cells - Important ones are **CD4** and **CD8** **3rd Line**

Answer 235

- To combat dehydration - 4 times more concentrated than blood - **U/P Ratio** 1200 m osmolar / 200 m osm

Answer 236

Body makes anti-centromere antibodies - Too much collagen - alopecia, flare-ups

Answer 237

- Afferent arteriole can monitor pressure - If there is a decrease in pressure, signals an **increase in renin**

Answer 238

- Use COOH to donate hydrogens - Use amino group to accept hydrogen pK fro proteins = 7.4 Mostly R groups but could be backbone too

Answer 239

- Associated with the afferent arteriole - Release **renin** into afferent arteriole - Get a series of reactions to *stabilize GFR*

Answer 240

- Osmotic gradient - Not permeable to water - Water goes through collecting duct

Answer 241

Kupffer's Cells

Answer 242

- Many are diuretics in the class **thiazide** - Block sodium reuptake in the distal tubule - Stop Na reabsorbtion, leaves in urine and water follows - Decrease blood volume, decrease BP

Answer 243

**Phase I** - Macrophage will take what it has eaten abd break it down with digestive enzymes in the lysosome - Take piece of peptide and put it on MHC molecule - Present on MHC-2

Answer 244

- Lymphocytes shown a bunch of self antigens in thymus - Any T-cell that sticks toa self antigen gets killed - The ones that pass the test go into the circulation and we say they are immunocompetent

Answer 245

- Kidney gets 600 mL of plasma/min **- standard GFR of 120 mLs/min** - The other 480 mL go through the efferent tubule into the peritubular beds

Answer 246

- Specialized cells that surround capillaries - Control filtration - In charge of selection based on size

Answer 247

2 Heavy Chains 2 Light chains

Answer 248

Very specific

Answer 249

- Constant Portion - Gene

Answer 250

- Break up virus - Display peptides from the virus on cell surface Macrophage saying *"invader here this is what it looks like*" - Displayed antigen is seen by the **TCR** on the helper T cells

Answer 251

- During the maturation of a lymphocyte --\> B-Cell... chooses certain genes with four regions through random selection - DNA splicing -

Answer 252

Cortex: 300 m osm Medulla: 1200 m osm

Answer 253

- Skin macrophage - Found in the tissue exposed to the exterior

Answer 254

- Protein that is the second signal in activating a T cell - If not present and bound, T cell will become inactive or die

Answer 255

How much of a substance is being secreted in urine = ([X] in urine) \* (Urine output) **mg/min**

Answer 256

- Delayed hypersensitivity - Tuerculin skin test - If raised or red, have been exposed to TB (do not necessarily hvae it, but need further tests)

Answer 257

1. ADH binds to membrane receptor 2. Receptor activates **cAMP** second messenger system 3. Cell interts AQP2 water pores into apical membrane 4. Water is absorbed by osmosis into the blood

Answer 258

- Leaky vessels - Swelling - Runny nose - Mucus release - Low BP - Sneezing

Answer 259

Physical and biological barrier between body and the outside world - Skin - Openings in the skin - Peyer's Patches

Answer 260

**Pattern Regocnition Receptors** - Had a theory that if your innate mechanisms were not working then your immune response would be weak - Found PRPs

Answer 261

- Secrete things in proximal tubule - Organic ion transporters - Take ions out of the blood put them through tubule - Antiporter brings in ion from blood... when ion goes to lumen, exchange for a like charge from lumen

Answer 262

Constrict - increase flow

Answer 263

- Get fluid form the thoracic duct - Collect excess fluid from the body and put back into circulation

Answer 264

- Dehydration - Need urea in diet (protein) to get fully functioning osmotic gradient - Low protein diets made dehydration worse

Answer 265

Decrease aldosterone

Answer 266

**Big Eaters** - From monocyte precursors - Live in tissues - Different names specific to different tissues

Answer 267

- Someone else's tissue tissue but not a tissue match - Will not work with bone marrow (because of immune cells)

Answer 268

- Going to activate and replicate only those T cells that are specific to this infection and let other T cells rest

Answer 269

- B cells have antibody molecules on membrane - Recognize pathogen... bind and eat - After this, work with Th like macrophages do - In synapsis, Th secrete **IL-4**... activates B cell and turns into **plasma cell**