Final Flashcards
1
Q
Heartworm
A
Roundworm
Dogs
2
Q
AMPA Receptor
A
Post. Cell
- Glutamate binds
- Increase gK and gNa
- Causes local current flow –> remove Mg blok from NMDA
3
Q
Tissues lining organs
A
from visceral mesoderm
4
Q
Leeches in Medicine
A
- Amputation of small body part
- Cannot repair venous supply… swelling and blood accumulation
- Use leech to remove excess fluid
5
Q
Castrate dog and treat with ground testis fluids
A
- Decrease FSH
6
Q
Pseudocoelomates
A
- Roundworms
- Technically have a closed cavity between the endo and mesoderms
- But is not surrounded by meoderm as we have come to expect from body cavities
- Only longitudinal muscle + cuticle
(Ascaris, hookworm, filarial worms, guinea worm, tichinosis)
7
Q
Neuroplasticity on the Postsynaptic Membrane
A
- Glutamate binds to post. cell
- First it binds to AMPA…. increase gNa and gK generating local current flow
- Local current flow removes the Mg block on the NMDA channel
- Glutamate and glycine bind to NMDA and increase gCa
- Ca creates calmodulin which sets up a phosphorylation cascade and causes protein function
8
Q
G-Protein Coupled Receptors
A
- Hormone binds to receptor
- Receptor stimulates G-protein
- G-protein turns on adenylate cyclase (AC)
- AC turns AMP –> cAMP
- cAMP binds to protein kinase which phosphorylates proteins #cascade
9
Q
Scolex
A
Mouth of a tapeworm
10
Q
Primary Consumers
A
- Eat producers
- Eaten by 2nd who eaten by 3rd (trophic level 4)
11
Q
Percent N2 in atmosphere
A
79%
12
Q
Luteal Phase
A
- Surge in LH from estrogen positive feedback
- Corpus lutem makes estrogen and porgesterone
- Progesterone does negative feedback on HPA…. keep FSH and LH low
13
Q
Filarial Worms - River Blindess
A
Roundworms
- Black fly is the intermediate
- Larvae get into human eye and mess with retina
14
Q
Hemicastrate
A
- Initial increase in FSH
- Other teste comenstes
- Eventually decrease in FSH and sperm production rises
Sperm secrete inhibin…. decrease FSH
15
Q
Blood Fluke
A
Flat Worm
- Mate in humans… we poop eggs
- Eggs get into water via snails
- Worm can swim and drill into human skin
16
Q
Bats and Cactus Flowers
A
Symbiotic
- Cactus flowers bloom at night… give nectar to bats
- Bats pollenate other flowers
17
Q
Elephantiasis
A
- Filarial Worm (roundworm)
- In lymph ducts
- Causes swelling/fluid accumulation
18
Q
Ascaris
A
- Pseudocoelomate
- Most common worm in humans
19
Q
Rice Paddies and Nitrogen
A
- Rice paddy farms have anavaena a nitrogen fixing bacteria
- Shares N with rice plants
20
Q
Mullerian Mimicry
A
- One species imitates a pattern that can diffuse apprehension
- Predators are wary of coloration in wasps and snakes
21
Q
Roundworms
A
- Only longitudinal muscle
- Thrash to move
- Secrete outer layer called a cuticle which is very elastic… PE helps with motion
22
Q
Reinnervation Experiments
A
- Type I cell.. remove type I axon and innervate with type II axon
- Cell is now type II
- Happens @ ACh receptor cite
23
Q
Commensal
A
One organism benefits and the other doesn’t mind
24
Q
Denervation Experiments
A
- Innervation from axon causes muscle contraction
- Gives info for where to put ACh receptors
- Remove axon, ACh channels appear randomly on surface of muscle cells
25
NMDA Receptor
- For Glutamate
- Has an Mg block
- Mg block removed by LCF due to glutamate binding to AMPA and increasing the gK and gNa
- NMDA increase gCa
**Hippocampus**
26
PTH
- Released when Ca is low
- Helps raise Ca
- Decrease Ca in urine (kidney)
- Increase osteocytic osteolysis (bone)
- Helps Vit D action with Ca absorb in gut (SI)
27
Denitrify
- Organisms die
- Other organisms eat dead things and release N2 back into the environment
28
Guinea Worm
**Matchstick worm**
- Adult worms drive their victims to gt into the water so they can lay eggs
29
How tetanus works
- Hold internal tension to stretch the SEC completely
- Allows enough time for external tension to catch up
30
Heterocysts
- Specialized nitrogen fixing cells
- Found in bacteria
31
Adaptations for a parsitic lifestyle
- Ability to infect
- Ability to inhabit
- Reduced sensory system
32
Decomposers/ Detrivores
Are not a trophic level
33
PDE
**Phosphodiesterase**
- cAMP --\> AMP
- Inhibited by **coffee**
34
Segmented Worms
- First kind of segmented animal
- Segments = redundancy
- If it gets split, it has all the parts it needs to survive
- Each segment has a small kidney and a nervous system
35
Acacia Trees and Ants
**Symbiotic**
- Tree grows protein rich knobs to feed ants that live in its thorns
- Ants protect tree
36
Cycling
- Intrinsic rate of reproduction until resources exhauted... hit **carrying capacity**
- Cycling reflected throughout foodchain (Hare + Lynx)... population levels cary together.
37
Facilitation
- With a lot of action potentials, increase the Ca insde the presynaptic membrane
- This makes it easier to exocytose a neurotransmitter
**Kandel**
38
FLAT PiG
**Anterior Pituitary Hormones**
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH
39
Ach Release --\> Muscle Contraction
- Neuron releases ACh which binds to a nicotinic channel
- Increase gNa and gK --\> **local current flow**
- LCF --\> Action potential in muscle membrane down T-tubule
- Action potential stiumlates **DHP** which interacts with **RyR** in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- RyR releases Ca... signals crossbridge
40
Coelomates
- Mesoderm lined body cavities and organs
- Segemented worms and most other shit
41
Ecological Pyramid
- Shrinks by an order of magnitude for each lelve of the food chain
- Size represents biomass (stored energy)
- The only energy that gets passed up to a consumer is that which becomes part of the body... the other 90% is used for metabolism
42
Bastesian Mimicry
- Species imitates another species that is harmful
- **Viceroy** butterfly immitates yucky monarch
- Only works if there are more monarchs than viceroys
43
Tichinosis
**Roundworm**
From pork
44
Symbiotic
- Mutualistic
- Two organisms live in intimate association
45
Mesenteries
- Areas at which cavitiy linings and organ linings meet
46
Hirudinea Worms
**Leeches**
- Segmented
- Fresh water
- Eat blood
- Move via their suckers and take steps
- Blades in mouth cut into skin and release anesthetic and anticoagulant
47
Adaptation of Endoparasites
- Attachment structure
- Resist digestion
- Can penetrate the body
- Increased ability to live in anaerobic conditions
- Reduced digestive ability (because surrounded by nutrients)
- Redduced sensory systems
- Huge reproductive potential
48
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
- Contain **heterocysts**
- Convert N2 --\> NHx and introduce it into the food chain
49
Producers
- Trophic level 1
- Turn light into chemical energy
50
Succession
- If a given area is undisturbed, organisms will increase in size/coplexity/stored energy until reaching a **climax community**
51
Follicular Phase
- Peak of FSH makes follicles develop
- Follicles release **estrogen** which does **+** deeback on HPA.... leads to **Increase LH**
52
Parasitic
- One organism benefits at the expense of the other
53
Acoelomates
- Only have gut cavity
- Flatworms, helminths
54
Tissue lining cavities
from pariety mesoderm
55
Castrate Dog and treat with testosterone
- Remove testosterone
- Increase in FSH and LH
Treat with Testosterone: decrease in LH only
56
Flatworm
- Does not have a body cavity
- Intestinal tract
- Mouth but no anus... food and waste through the mouth
- Kidney structuers called **flame cells** throughout body
- Nitrogenous waste diffuses through the skin
- Good at regeneration (can cut in half and will grow back)
57
Smooth Muscle Contraction
- Increase [Ca] in cytoplasm
- Ca binds to CaM
- Ca-CaM activates **myosin kinase**
- Myosin kinase phosphorylates serines on myosin (**covalent regulation**)
- Crossbridge --\> tension
58
How do you lower [Ca] in muscle cytoplasm?
**Ca Pump**
- Use ATP to pump Ca from cyto to SR
