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CCP Biology > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

Properties of Life

A

Order
Energy Processing
Growth and Development
Response to the Environment
Regulation
Reproduction
Evolutionary Adaptation

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2
Q

Describe and place biological levels of organization

A

Biosphere- All life on Earth and the places where life exists

Ecosystems- All living things in a particular area and nonliving components with which they interact

Communities- Array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

Populations- All the individuals of a species living within a specific area

Organisms- Individual living things

Organs- Body part made of tissue, has a specific function

Tissues- Group of cells working together to perform a specialized function
Cells- Fundamental unit of structure and function of life

Organelles- A particular functional component within a cell

Molecules- Chemical structure of two or more atoms

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3
Q

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

A

Prokaryotic-Cells lack a nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles

Eukaryotic- cells contain membrane enclosed organelles

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4
Q

Process involved in the conversion of DNA to proteins

A

DNA—(transcription)—MRNA—(translation— Amino acid chain—(protein folding)— Protein

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5
Q

Genome

A

Library of genetic instructions inherited by an organism

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6
Q

Genomics

A

Study of the whole set of genes in 1+ species

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7
Q

Proteome

A

Set of proteins and their properties

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8
Q

Proteonomics

A

Study of sets of proteins and their properties

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9
Q

Describe methods by which producers make organic compounds and energy transformations that occur

A

Photosynthesis-Conversion of light energy and CO.2 to chemical energy

Chemosynthesis- Conversion of inorganic chemicals to chemical energy through oxidation

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10
Q

Positive and Negative feedback
(provide examples)

A

Positive-Regulation in which the output increases the process, leading to additional product

Negative- Regulation in which the output reduces the production

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11
Q

Evolution

A

concept that the organisms living on Earth today are modified descendants of common ancestors

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12
Q

Domains of Life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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13
Q

Kingdoms of Life

A

Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista

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14
Q

Scientific Proces

A

Make an Observation
Ask a Question
Form a Hypothesis
Make a Prediction
Experiment
Gather Data
Analyze Results
Form Conclusions
Replicate Results
Publish Findings

Not always in this order

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15
Q

Charles Darwin’s observations

A

Individuals in population vary in traits many of which are inherited

Population produce more offspring than can survive to produce offspring

Species are suited to their environments

Individuals with inherited traits are better suited to local environment and are more likely to survive and reproduce

After many generations more individuals exist with advantageous traits

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16
Q

Describe Subatomic Particles

A

Proton +
Nucleus

Neutron 0
Nucleus

Electron -
Determines how atoms will bond to form compounds

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17
Q

types of elements form ionic bonds

A

Metals and Nonmetals

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18
Q

Types of elements form covalent bonds

A

Nonmetals

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19
Q

Polar vs. Nonpolar

A

polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar bonds have an equal sharing of electrons

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20
Q

Dipole-Dipole

A

attractive forces between partial positive charge and partial negative charge of adjacent molecule

Between Polar molecules

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21
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

attractive force hydrogen bound to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to lone electrons of an adjacent molecule

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22
Q

Van der Wals Forces

A

attractive forces occur within nonpolar compounds; include London dispersion forces

nonpolar compounds

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23
Q

London dispersion forces

A

attraction due to a temporarily induced dipole

nonpolar compounds

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24
Q

Products vs. Reactants
Reversible Reaction

A

Reactants can form products and products can reform into reactants

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25
Chemical equilibrium
forward reaction and reverse reaction occur simultaneously and at equal rates
26
Water Suitability for Life
Cohesion Temperature Moderation Solvent Versatility Properties of Ice
27
Cohesion
The linking together of like molecules, often through hydrogen bonds Attraction to each other
28
Adhesion
The ability of one substance to cling to another substance
29
Surface Tension
Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid Tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into minimum surface area possible
30
Specific heat of water and effect on water's properties
High specific heat larger amounts of energy needed Stabilizes temperatures on Earth
31
Heat of Vaporization and effects on waters properties
Energy, as heat, required for 1g of a substance to convert between liquid and gaseous states Large amts of energy needed to vaporize Energy comes from the surroundings allowing surroundings to cool
32
Compare properties of liquid water and ice
Floats on water due to have a lower density Larger volume than liquid water, giving a lower density Bent shape, ability to form multiple H bonds Water's density is temperature dependent
33
Compare heat, temperature, and thermal energy
Heat- energy transferred between objects of different temperatures Temperature- avg kinetic energy of particles in a substance "hot or cold" Thermal energy- kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules
34
Solution
Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed in a single phase
35
Solvent
Component of solution in which another substance is dissolved larger amount
36
Solute
Substance that is dissolved Lesser amount
37
Hydrophobic
Substances are not attracted to water nonpolar substances ex. oil
38
Hydrophilic
Substances are attracted to water ionic and polar substances ex. vinegar
39
pH scale ranges
Ranges from 0-14 pH < 7: acid pH = 7: neutral pH > 7: base
40
pH
measurement of the amount of hydronium (hydrogen) ion in solution H.3O+ (acidic) basic- made of mostly OH- water loses H+
41
Elements of interest Organic chemistry
CARBON is vital in Biology Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur
42
Major biological molecules Carbohydrates
Serve as fuel source Composed of sugars and sugar polymers
43
Major biological molecules Lipids
Hydrophobic Molecules Important in cellular membranes
44
Major biological molecules Proteins
Possess a range of functions including enzymes, transport, communication, movement, etc. Composed of polypeptides
45
Major biological molecules Nucleic Acids
Store, transmit, and express hereditary information Monomers that join to form nucleic acids 5-carbon sugar, base, and phosphate group
46
Smallest units of each major biological molecule
Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Lipid Glycerol Protein Amino Acid Nucleic Acid Nucleotide
47
Carbohydrates and how more complex carbohydrates are made
Monosaccharide Simple sugar that has a multiple of the empirical formula CH.2O Disaccharide Two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond through dehydration reaction Polysaccharide Macromolecules of many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds
48
Types of polysaccharides Storage
Starch-polymer of glucose stored in plants Glycogen- Polymer of glucose in animals
49
Types of polysaccharides Structural
Cellulose- polymer of two slightly different ring structures for glucose Chitin- polysaccharide with nitrogen attachment
50
Types of Lipids and Roles Fats
Glycerol (alcohol) 3 fatty acids long chain of hydrocarbons, may be saturated
51
Types of Lipids and Roles Phospholipids
Glycerol 2 Fatty acids Phosphate amino acid group Important component in cellular membranes as lipid bilayer
52
Steroids
4 fused carbon rings Diff. by groups added to rings cholesterol-steroid molecule important for cellular membranes
53
Components of Amino Acids Not sure if this is right
Amino Group Primary Sequence of amino acids Carboxyl Group Secondary Interactions between amino and carboxyl groups along backbone Unique R Group Tertiary Interactions between the R groups Hydrogen Quarternary Overall protein structure due to the arrangement of subunits
54
name and describe process by which proteins become inactive
Denaturing proteins Involves the destruction of protein structure, rendering the protein inactive
55
nucleotides vs. nucleosides
Nucleotides contain 5-carbon sugar, base, and phosphate group Nucleosides consist of 5-carbon sugar and base only
56
Purines vs. Pyrimidines
Purines- contain adenine and guanine double ring structure Pyrimidines- contain cystosine, thymine, and uracil
57
Types of bonds of organic compounds Bonds in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid
Carbohydrates- Glycosidic (covalent) Proteins- Peptide bond Lipid- Carbon- Hydrogen Bond Nucleic acid-phosphodiester and hydrogen
58
DNA vs. RNA DNA components
Deoxyribose Purine: Adenine and guanine Pyrimidines: Cytosine and thymine
59
DNA vs. RNA RNA components
Ribose Purines: adenine and guanine Pyrimidines: cytosine and uracil
60
DNA structure
Double stranded helix Antiparallel strands Complementary base a-t g-c
61
Inquiry
The search for information and explanations of natural phenomena
62
Qualitative Quantitive
Data that pertains to observations Data than pertains to measurements
63
Inductive Deductive
Derive generalizations from many specific observations Logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise
64
Descent with Modification
Contemporary species arose from succession of ancestors that differed from them
65
Biosphere
All life on Earth and the places where life exists
66
Ecosystems
all living things in a particular area and nonliving components with which they interact
67
Communities
Array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
68
Populations
All the individuals of a species living within a specific area
69
Organisms
individual living things
70
Organ
body part that is made of and has a specific function
71
Tissue
group of cells working together to perform a specialized function
72
cell
fundamental unit of structure and function of life
73
Organelle
A particular functional component within a cell
74
Molecule
Chemical structure of two or more atoms

CCP Biology (5 decks)

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