Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

(220 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does the endocrine system use to regulate the body?

A

Chemicals (hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the basic functions of the endocrine system?

A

Maintaining homeostasis
Responds to stress
Growth and development
Sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does the nervous system regulate the body?

A

Electrical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete only hormones

Release hormones directly into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete sweat and oils

Produce secretions into a duct or outside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are neurocrine glands?

A

Nervous tissues that produce a hormone

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are autocrines?

A

Hormones released locally into interstitial fluid and affect same type of cell they were released from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are paracrines?

A

Hormones released locally and affects neighboring cells of different type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the true endocrine glands?

A 
Pineal
Anterior pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the multiple function endocrine glands?

A 
Hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary
Thymus
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the four classes of hormones?

A

Steroids
Proteins
Amino acids
Prostonoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the process that must occur for steroids to be transported?

A

Bind to carrier protein
Pass through plasma membrane of cell
Bind to receptor inside the cell
Causes direct interaction on the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the four ways that steroids can be transported?

A

Cortisol - Cortisol Binding Globulin - Strong affinity
Testosterone/Estrodiol - TEBG - Strong affinity
Albumin - can bind to testosterone and estrodiol with weak affinity
Free hormone - circulates through blood alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are biologically active hormones?

A

Hormones that are able to be used right now

Free hormone and albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are biologically inactive hormones?

A

Hormones that are unable to be used right now

TEBG and CBG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the mechanism of action for steroids?

A
  1. Steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds to an intracellular receptor
  2. Receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus
  3. Receptor-hormone complex binds a specific DNA region
  4. Binding initiates transcription of the gene to mRNA
  5. The mRNA directs protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the mechanism of action for amino acids?

A
  1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to receptor
  2. Receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger)
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are hormones removed from blood?

A

Degrading enzymes
kidneys
liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is basal secretion?

A

General day to day hormone secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is stimulatory secretion?

A

Secretion requires a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is pulsatile stimulation?

A

Basal secretion when there are peaks throughout the day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three types of endocrine gland stimulation?

A

Humoral
Neural
Hormonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is humoral stimulation?

A

Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion
Calcium levels and parathyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is neural stimulation?

A

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is hormonal stimulation?
Hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones
26
What does target cell activation depend on?
Blood levels of hormone Relative number of receptors on or in the cell Affinity of binding between receptor and hormone
27
What is up-regulation?
Receptors become more sensitive due to low hormone levels
28
What is down regulation?
Receptors become less sensitive due to high hormone levels
29
What is permissiveness?
One hormone can not exert its effects without another hormone being present
30
What is synergism?
More than one hormone produces same effects on target cell | Amplification
31
What is antagonism?
One or more hormone oppose the action of another hormone
32
What is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary?
Anterior is true endocrine (adrenohypophysis) | Posterior is composed of nervous tissue (neurohypophysis)
33
What are the main parts of the posterior pituitary?
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract - neural connection of pituitary and hypothalamus
34
What is the function of ADH?
Causes urine retention
35
What are the main causes for the release of ADH?
Change is osmolality | Change in blood pressure
36
What are the different types of ADH receptors?
V2 receptors V1a receptors V1b receptors
37
Where are V2 receptors found?
Kidneys | Makes kidneys reabsorb water through aquaporin channels
38
Where are V1a receptors found?
Smooth muscle | Causes smooth muscle to contract in blood vessels to increase BP
39
Where are V1b receptors found?
Anterior pituitary | Cause release of ACTH
40
What are factors that increase ADH secretion?
``` Increases in osmolarity Decreases in fluid volume Periods of stress Nausea and vomiting Prolonged periods of standing Angiotensin 2 ```
41
What are factors that decrease ADH secretion?
Decrease in osmolality Increase in extracellular fluid volume Alcohol - supresses hypothalamus
42
What is diabetes insipidus?
ADH deficiency due to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary damage
43
What are the functions of oxytocin?
Strong stimulation of uterine contraction Hormonal trigger for milk ejection Releases at time of ejaculation to contract muscles and push sperm out Positive feedback
44
What hormones does the hypothalamus produce that regulate hormone production in the anterior pituitary?
``` GHRH - Growth hormone releasing hormone GHIH - Growth hormone inhibiting hormone TRH - Thyroid releasing hormone CRH - Corticotropin releasing hormone GnRH - Gonadotropin releasing hormone PIH - Prolactin inhibiting hormone ```
45
What are the three types of interaction that can occur at a target cell?
Permissiveness Synergism Antagonism
46
What are the two hormones that the hypothalamus makes?
Paracentricular nucleus - makes oxytocin | Supraoptic nucleus - makes ADH
47
What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?
``` Growth hormone Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Follicle stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone ```
48
What is a tropic hormone?
Hormone that controls the release of another hormone
49
What are the tropic hormones that the anterior pituitary produces?
Thyroid stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Follicle stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone
50
What cells in the anterior pituitary produce Growth hormone?
Somatotropic cells
51
What are the direct actions that growth hormone has?
Increases blood levels of fatty acids - encourages fatty acid use Decrease rate of glucose uptake and metabolism Causes glycogen breakdown and glucose release into blood
52
What are the indirect actions that growth hormone has?
Mediates growth via growth promoting proteins - insulin like growth factors
53
What do the insulin like growth factors stimulate?
Uptake of nutrition | Formation of collagen and deposition of bone matrix
54
How is growth hormone regulated?
Hypothalamus regulates growth hormone with GHRH and GRIH
55
What are the homeostatic imbalances of growth hormone?
``` Hypersecretion - In children results in gigantism - In adults results in acromegaly Hyposecretion - In children results in dwarfism ```
56
What are the effects of thyroid stimulating hormone?
Stimulates normal development and secretion of thyroid
57
What produces thyroid stimulating hormone?
Thyrotropic cells of the anterior pituitary
58
How is thyroid stimulating hormone regulated?
Thyroidtropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus
59
What are the effects of ACTH?
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteriods (cortisol)
60
What produces ACTH?
Corticotropic cells of anterior pituitary
61
How is ACTH regulated?
Triggerd by corticotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus Internal and external factors such as stress, fever and hypoglycemia can alter CRH release
62
What are the ganodotropins?
Follicle-stimulating hormone | Luteinizing hormone
63
What are the effects of follicle-stimulating hormone?
Stimulate gamete production (sperm or egg)
64
What are the effects of luteinizing hormone?
Promotes prodcution of gonadal hormones
65
What produces ganodotropins?
Gonadotropic cells of anterior pituitary
66
How are ganodotropins regulated?
Triggered by GnRH from hypothalamus | Negative feedback mechanism
67
What are the effects of prolactin?
Stimulates milk production
68
How is prolactin regulated?
Controlled by prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine) from hypothalamus
69
What produces prolactin?
Secreted by prolactin cells of anterior pituitary
70
What are the two hormones that the thyroid releases?
Calcitonin | Thyroid hormone
71
What are the effects of thyroid hormone?
Has a calorigenic effect Has a thermogenetic effect Regulates growth and development Helps maintain blood pressure
72
What are the two related compounds of thryroid hormone?
T4 - thyroxine ( 2 tyrosine and 4 iodine) | T3 - Triiodothyronine ( 2 tyrosine and 3 iodine)
73
What makes up colloid cells?
Thyroglobulin
74
What is the protein that transports MIT and DIT across the cell?
Megalin
75
What are the steps of T3 and T4 synthesis?
1. Thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged into the follicle lumen 2. Iodide is trapped, transported into follicular cells 3. Iodide is oxidized into iodine in colloid 4. Iodine is attached to tyrosine, forming DIT and MIT 5. Iodinated tyrosines are linked together to form T3 and T4 6. Thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed and combined with a lysosome 7. Lysosomal enzymes cleave T4 and T3 from thyroglobulin, hormones diffuse into blood
76
How are T3 and T4 transported?
Thyroxine binding globulin - tightly bound Transthyretin - transports to brain / CNS Albumin - weak affinity Free in blood
77
Which is more active T3 or T4?
T3 is about ten times more active than T4
78
What are the homeostatic imbalances of T3 and T4?
``` Hyposecretion - Myxedema in adults - Cretinism in infants Hypersecretion -Grave's disease ```
79
What are the effects of calcitonin?
Inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates calcium uptake | Antagonist to parathyroid hormone
80
What is the function of parathyroid hormone?
Stimulates osteoclasts and releases calcium into the blood
81
What are the two divisions of the adrenal gland?
Medulla and Cortex
82
What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
83
What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Vasoconstriction to abdomen Increased heart rate Increased blood glucose levels
84
What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex and what are their hormones?
Zona Glomrulosa - aldosterone | Zona fasciculata and reticularis - Cortisol and androgens
85
What is the main hormone that the pineal gland produces?
Melatonin
86
What are the effects of melatonin?
Timing of sexual maturity Day and night cycles Rhythmic cycles (sleep, appetite, and body temp)
87
What are the different types of cells in the pancreas?
Acinar cells (exocrine cells) Pancreatic islets (contains endocrine cells) Alpha cells - produce glucagon Beta cells - produce insulin
88
What are the effects of glucagon?
Main target is liver | Release of glucose into blood
89
What are the effects of insulin?
Transports glucose into fat and muscle cells | Lowers blood glucose levels
90
What are the two types of diabetes?
Type 1 - Hyposecretion of insulin | Type 2 - Hypoactivity of insulin
91
What is hyperinsulinism?
Produce to much insulin or are to sensitve to insulin
92
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
Estrogen and progesterone
93
What are the effects of estrogen?
Reproductive organ maturation Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics Cause breast development
94
What is the function of the thymus?
Activates white blood cells for children
95
What hormones do adipose tissue produce?
Leptin - appetite control | Resistin - insulin antagonist
96
What hormones do enteroendocrine cells produce?
Gastrin - stimulates release of HCl for food breakdown Secretin - stimulates liver Serotonin - acts as paracrine
97
What hormones does the heart produce?
Atrial natriuretic peptide - decreases blood sodium
98
What hormones do the kidney produce?
Erythropoietin - signals red blood cell production | Renin - initiates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
99
What makes blood more viscous than water?
Formed elements
100
What are the formed elements in blood?
Erythrocytes - no nucleus or organelles Luekyocytes - only true cell Plateletes - cell fragments
101
What are the functions of blood?
Protection - immune system, blood clotting Regulation of blood - pH, fluid volume, temperature Transport
102
What is the make up of plasma?
90% water | 10% plasma proteins
103
What are the proteins in blood plasma?
60% albumin 36% globulin 4% fibrinogen
104
What is hematocrit?
Percent of blood volume that is RBCs | Average is 45% for males, 40% for females
105
What are the two major categories of luekyocytes?
Granulocytes - visible cytoplasmic granules | Agranulocytes - no cytoplasmic granules
106
What is the function of neutrophils?
Engulf foreign particles | Kill bacteria
107
What are the different types of granulocytes?
Neutrophil Basophil Esinophil
108
What is the function of eosinophils?
Helps kill parasitic worms | Helps with allergic reactions
109
What is the function of basophils?
Releases histamine Releases heparin Helps with allergic reaction response
110
What are the different types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes | Monocytes
111
What are the functions of lymphocytes?
Direct cell to cell attack | Helps develop antibodies
112
What are the functions of monocytes?
Engulf other debris | Can become a macrophage
113
What are the functions of erythrocytes?
Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide with hemoglobin | Contain spectrin - allow RBC to fold over on itself
114
What is an antigen?
A type of glycoprotein that generates an immune response | Helps classify blood types
115
What happens in a transfusion reaction?
Blood can glutinate and clot Diminished oxygen carrying Kidney damage
116
What is the structure of hemoglobin?
Globin - 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta) | Heme - pigment bonded to each globin
117
How many oxygen can each hemoglobin transport?
Four
118
How many hemoglobin can each RBC contain?
250 million
119
What is hematopoiesis?
Blood cell formation in red bone marrow
120
What is erythropoiesis?
Development of RBCs
121
What is an immature red blood cell called?
Reticulocyte
122
What stimulates erythropoiesis?
Erythropoietin
123
What causes hypoxia?
Having low levels of red blood cells Insufficient hemoglobin per RBC Reduced availability of oxygen
124
What is anemia?
Blood has abnormally low oxygen carrying capacity
125
What are the causes of anemia?
Blood loss Low RBC production High RBC destruction
126
What are platelets?
Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes from bone marrow
127
What are the stages of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Coagulation
128
What is vascular spasm?
Smooth muscle inside artery begins to contract
129
What are the causes of vascular spasm?
Direct injury to smooth muscle
130
What is important about the intrinsic pathway of coagulation?
Slow, takes about six minutes | Activated by internal damage
131
What is important about the extrinsic pathway of coagulation?
Fast, takes 6-15 seconds
132
Where do the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways meet?
Common pathway at clotting factor ten
133
What are pain reflexes?
Tells muscle contraction to occur more
134
What are the two chemical messengers released during platelet plug formation?
ADP - causes more platelets to stick | Serotonin and thromboxane A2 - Enhance vascular spasm
135
What happens in the coagulation step?
Reinforces platelet plug with fibrin threads | Blood transformed from liquid to gel
136
What is a critical activation step in clotting?
Thrombin
137
What is clot retraction?
Actin and myosin platelets contract | Squeezing serum from clot
138
What limits clot size?
Swift removal and dilution of clotting factors | Inhibition of clotting factors
139
What is a thrombus?
Clot that develops and persists in unbroken blood vessel
140
What are the conditions associated with a thrombus?
Embolus - thrombus free floating in blood stream | Emobolism - embolus obstructing a blood vessel
141
Which side of the heart is the systemic circuit?
Left side | Pumps blood to the body
142
Which side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit?
Right side | Pumps blood to the lungs
143
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right atrium Left Atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle
144
What is the function of the right atrium?
Receives blood returning from the systemic cicuit
145
What is the function of the left atrium?
Receives blood returning from the pulmonary circuit
146
What is the function of the left ventricle?
Pumps blood through the systemic circuit
147
What is the function of the right ventricle?
Pumps blood through the pulmonary cicuit
148
What is the name of the covering of the heart?
Pericardium
149
What are the layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium
150
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium | Roughens surface causing a creaking sound
151
What are the three veins that empty into the right atrium?
Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus
152
What are the four valves of the heart?
Tricuspid Bicuspid Aortic semilunar Pulmonary semilunar
153
What is the function of the tricuspid valve?
Lets blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle
154
What is the function of the bicuspid valve?
Lets blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
155
What is the function of the aortic semilunar valve?
Lets blood flow from left ventricle into aorta
156
What is the function of the pulmonary semilunar valve?
Lets blood flow from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk
157
What are the two conditions associated with bad valves?
Incompetent valve - blood backflows | Valvular stenosis - valves become stiff
158
What is coronary circulation?
Blood flow that supplies the heart
159
What arteries supply the right side of the heart?
Right marginal artery | Posterior interventricular artery
160
What arteries supply the left side of the heart?
Circumflex artery | Anterior interventricular artery
161
What are the homeostatic imbalances associated with the heart?
Angina pectoris - thoracic pain caused by poor blood flow | Myocardial infarction - heart attack
162
How is cardiac muscle different from skeletal muscle?
Automaticity - can beat without a nervous system All or nothing principle Refractory period - Long absolute refractory period
163
What are the important structures in cardiac muscle?
Many mitochondria - very oxygen dependent Intercolated discs - allows complete contraction Gap junction - helps allow sequential contraction
164
What is the term for the heart lacking oxygen?
Ischemia
165
What is normal heart rate and what are the terms associated with abnormal heart rate?
Normal: 60 - 100 BPM Tachycardia - Heart rate above normal Bradycardia - Heart rate below normal
166
What is the path of intrinsic regulation in the heart?
``` Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Bundle of HIS Right and Left bundle branches Perkinje fibers ```
167
What paces the heart?
Sinoatrial node | Paces heart at about 75 BPM
168
What paces the heart in the SA node fails?
Atrioventricular node | Backs up heart at 40-60 BPM
169
What paces the heart if both the SA and AV nodes fail?
Perkinje fibers | Backs up heart at 20-40 BPM if all else fails
170
What does the bundle of HIS do?
Connects the atria to the ventricles
171
What do the bundle branches do?
Conducts impulses through interventricular septum
172
What are the different waves in an EKG reading?
P wave - Depolarization of the atria QRS - wave - Depolarization of the ventricles T wave - Repolarization of the ventricles
173
What are the ways that the sympathetic nervous system can control the heart?
Chronotropic - causes heart rate to increase Inotropic - causes heart to squeeze tighter Lusotropic - Decreases resting phase
174
What are the ways that the parasympathetic nervous system can control the heart?
Decrease heart rate and increases resting phase Regulated by vagus nerve Vagal tone - helps keep heart rate slow
175
What are the heart conditions that can be determined by an EKG?
Junctional rhythm Second degree heart block Ventricular fibrillation Atrial fibrillation
176
How can you tell junctional rhythm on an EKG?
No P waves | SA node is non functional
177
How can you tell second degree heart block on an EKG?
Twice as many P waves as QRS waves
178
How can you tell ventricular fibrillation on an EKG?
Chaotic irregular peaks | Happens in heart attack and electrical shock
179
How can you tell atrial fibrillation on an EKG?
Shakey at P waves Ventricles still work Not life threatening
180
What is systole?
Contraction of the heart
181
What is diastole?
Relaxation of the heart
182
What is EDV?
End diastolic volume Volume of blood in the heart after relaxation About 120 mL
183
What is ESV?
End systolic volume Volume of blood in heart after contraction About 50 mL
184
What is EF?
Ejection fraction Percentage of blood pumped by heart SV/EDV
185
What is HR?
Heart Rate | About 60 - 100 BPM
186
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood pumped by heart per minute | About 5.25 L
187
What is cardiac reserve?
Difference between resting and maximal CO | Max is about 25 L, 35 L in trained
188
What are the factors that influence SV?
Preload Contractility Afterload
189
What is the Frank Sterling law of the heart?
Heart stretches and contracts more when the preload is higher
190
What is afterload?
Amount of stress put on the heart to force open the aortic semilunar valve
191
What happens in pulmonary congestion?
Left side fails | Blood backs up into lungs
192
What happens in peripheral congestion?
Right side fails | Blood backs up into organs
193
What are the three tunics of arteries and veins?
Tunica externa Tunica media Tunica intima
194
What are the different types of arteries?
Elastic arteries | Muscular arteries
195
What are the functions of capillaries?
Gas and nutrient exchange | Regulates blood flow
196
What are the different types of capillaries?
Continuous capillaries Fenestrated capillaries Sinusoid capillaries
197
What are continuous capillaries?
Found in skin and muscles | Have clefts for solutes to pass
198
What are fenestrated capillaries?
Have pores for absorption | Found in intestines, kidneys and endocrine glands
199
What are sinusoid capillaries?
Have large lumen with allow large solutes to pass | Found in liver, bone marrow and spleen
200
What is microcirculation?
Interwoven network of capillaries connecting arterioles and venuoles
201
What controls blood flow in capillaries?
Sphincters
202
What is the direct route between terminal arterioles and venuoles?
Metarterioles
203
How do veins return blood to the heart?
Uses valves and muscle contraction Respiratory pump Vasoconstriction
204
What is flow equal to?
Chane in pressure/ resistance
205
What are the three main factors affecting resistance?
Blood viscosity Total blood vessel length Blood vessel diameter
206
What is the blood pressure in capillaries?
Ranges from 17 - 35 mm Hg
207
What is mean arterial pressure?
Pressure that propels blood to tissues Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure Average is 93 mm Hg
208
What is pulse pressure?
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
209
What factors influence Blood Pressure?
Cardiac output Peripheral resistance Blood volume Arterial compliance
210
What is resting heart rate maintained by?
Vagus nerve
211
What is the short term neural control of BP?
Maintains MAP by altering blood vessel diameter | Alters blood distribution to organs in response to specific demand
212
What role do barorecptors and chemoreceptors play in blood pressure?
Located in aorta and carotid sinus | Relay info to the cardiovascular center of medulla and pons
213
What are the higher brain centers responsible for BP regulation?
Cerebral cortex - established BP set point | Hypothalamus - relays info from cerebral cortex to medulla
214
How do barorecptors effect blood pressure?
Function as stretch receptors Work only for short term regulation Causes increased HR, Contractility, and CO if BP is low Causes decreased HR, Contractility and CO if BP is high
215
How do chemoreceptors effect blood pressure?
Detect increase in CO2, drop in pH, or drop in O2 | Increases CO and vasocontriction
216
What are the hormones that cause BP to increase?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine Angiostensin II High ADH levels
217
What hormone decreases BP?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
218
What are the receptors for Epi/norepinephrine?
Alpha 1 - vasocontriction in skin and veins Beta 1 - Found in heart, increases HR Beta 2 - Coronary arteries, skeletal muscle, vessels in lungs - Causes vasodialation
219
How is long term blood pressure controlled?
All about maintaining fluid volume
220
What are the functions of angiotensin 2?
Stimulates aldosterone secretion Causes ADH release Triggers hypothalamic thirst center

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions