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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > FInal > Flashcards

FInal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

Regulate water volume in body
Filter blood
Produce epo and renin
Regulate ion concentration

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2
Q

What layer of the kidney are the renal pyramids located?

A

Renal medulla

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3
Q

What veins and arteries are in the renal cortex?

A

Cortical radiate

Arcuate

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4
Q

What is the order of structures in which waste is removed? Starting from the collecting duct

A 
Collecting duct
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
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5
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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6
Q

What are the two parts of a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubule

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7
Q

What are the two parts of the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

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8
Q

What is the importance of the parietal layer of the bowman’s capsule?

A

Comprised of simple squamous epithelium
Contributes to capsule structure
Plays no part in forming filtrate

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9
Q

What is the importance of the visceral later of the bowman’s capsule?

A

Comprised of podocytes

Allows filtrate to enter the capsular space

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10
Q

What is the order in which blood flows through the gomerulus?

A 
Cortical radiate artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular capillaries
Efferent arteriole
Vasa recta
Cortical radiate vein
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11
Q

What are the three major parts of the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule

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12
Q

What is the importance of the PCT?

A

Comprised of cuboidal epithelial cells with dense microvilli

Important in reabsorbing water and solutes from filtrate

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13
Q

What are the two divisions of the loop of henle?

A

Descending limb

Ascending limb

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14
Q

What is the ascending limb divided into?

A

Thin part - allows for water reabsorption

Thick part - Has tight-tight junctions, nothing passes

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15
Q

What are the two divisions of the DCT?

A

Diluting segment

Late segment

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16
Q

What is the importance of the diluting segment?

A

Few microvilli

Functions more in secretion than reabsorption

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17
Q

What is the importance of the late segment?

A

Connects the DCT to the collecting duct

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18
Q

What are the functions of collecting ducts?

A

Maintain water and sodium balance

Maintain acid-base balance in blood

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19
Q

What are the three types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons - 30%
Midcortical nephrons - 55%
Juxtamedullary - 15% - important in concentrated urine formation

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20
Q

How much fluid does the kidney process daily?

A

180 L

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21
Q

What is filtration and where does it occur?

A

Takes solutes and water out of blood
Happens in glomerulus
Filtrate collected in bowman’s capsule

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22
Q

What is reabsorption and where does it occur?

A

Some of filtrate reenters the capillaries

Happens in renal tubules and collecting ducts

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23
Q

What is secretion and where does it occur?

A

Moving substances from the blood into the filtrate

Occurs in the tubule and collecting duct

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24
Q

What are the three nephron capillary beds?

A

Glomerulus - filtarion
Peritubular Capillaries - reabsorption
Vasa recta - juxtamedullary

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25
What are the three layers of the filtration membrane?
Capillary endothelium Basement membrane Foot processes of podocytes of glomerular capsule
26
What are the three cell populations that help regulate filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure for the JGC?
Macula densa Granular cells Extraglomerular mesangial cells
27
What is the function of macula densa cells?
Chemoreceptors that monitor the NaCl concentration in filtrate Found in ascending limb
28
What is the function of granular cells?
Mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure in afferent arteriole Contain renin Cells of arteriole
29
What is the function of extragomerular mesangial cells?
Send signals between granular cells and macula densa
30
What is the net filtration pressure?
Net pressure in the gomerulus | Is equal to 10 mm Hg
31
What are the pressures that account for NFP?
Hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillaries (55) Osmotic pressure of glomerular capillaries (30) Hydrostatic pressure of capsular space (15)
32
What is glomerular filtration rate?
Volume of filtrate formed by all the glomeruli in the body in one minute Average is 125ml/min
33
What are the two types of intrinsic control for GFR regulation?
Myogenic mechanism | Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
34
What is myogenic mechanism?
``` Increased BP Afferent arteriole muscle stretches Afferent arterioles contract Bloodflow restricted into glomerulus Opposite occurs if BP is low ```
35
What is the process of tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?
GFR increases Macula densa detects high NaCl concentration Macula densa releases vasoconstrictor chemicals Afferent arteriole constricts Blood flow into glomerulus decreases Opposite occurs if GFR is low
36
What is the primary goal of the extrinsic control system?
Regulation of systemic blood pressure
37
How does the extrinsic control system regulate fluid volume?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine cause vasocontriction if bp is low
38
What are the two major routes for tubular reabsorption?
Transcellular | Paracellular
39
What is transcellular reabsorption?
Solute or water passes through the cell, then across the interstitial fluid and into the capillary
40
What is paracellular absorption?
Solute or water passes between cells, then across interstitial fluid and into the capillary
41
What is transport maximum?
There is a limit of carriers that the body has, so you can max out at being able to be reabsorbed
42
What is the countercurrent multiplier?
Interaction between the blow of filtrate through the ascending and descending limbs of juxtamedullary nephrons
43
What is the countercurrecnt exchanger?
Flow of blood through the ascending and descending portions of vasa recta
44
What are the three steps of urination?
Contraction of detrusor by ANS Opening of internal urethral sphincter by ANS Volunterilly open external urethral sphincter
45
What is the process by which a fetus becomes male?
``` SRY gene Mullerian inhibiting substance prevents mullerian duct Wolfinian duct formed Leydig cells form Testosterone produced Fetus forms male organs ```
46
What is the function of leydig cells?
Aid in the production of testosterone
47
What is the function of sertoli cells?
Aid in the maturation of sperm
48
What does the hypothalamus release during puberty?
GnRH | Gonadotropic releasing hormone
49
What are the two gonadotropins and where are they released from?
Luetenizing hormone Follicle stimulating hormone Released from the anterior pituitary
50
What is the function of FSH and LH in males?
FSH - Sperm production | LH - Testosterone production
51
Where do sperm cells mature?
Epididymus
52
What is decapacitation?
Process of adding proteins to sperm Decreases mobility Protects sperm Happens in epididymus
53
What is aerosome?
Covering on head of sperm that allows it to penetrate the egg
54
What is the process of spermatogenesis?
``` Type b daughter cell Primary spermatocycte Secondary spermatocytes Spermatids Spermatozoon ```
55
What is semenogelin?
Causes sperm to clot once it enters female reproductive tract so it stays inside
56
What is PSA?
Causes liquification of sperm after it clotted Allows sperm to swim in uterus Created by prostate
57
What is the function of the corpus spongiosa?
Prevents urthra collapse
58
What is the function of corpus cavernosa?
Main tissue for erection
59
What vasodialator is released to cause an erection?
Nitrousoxide
60
What is the function of seminal fluid?
Consists of fructose - energy for sperm Acts as a buffer Meets with sperm at ejaculatory duct
61
What is the function of pre-jac?
Acts as a buffer Cleans out the urethra Secreted by the bulbo-urethral gland
62
What are the functions of LH and FSH in females?
LH - theca cells - estrogen | FSH - granulosa cells - estrodial and forms follicle
63
What are the layers of the uterine wall?
Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium
64
What are the layers of the endometrium?
Stratum functionalis - comes off during menstration | Stratum basalis - generates new cells
65
What is oogenesis?
Production of female gametes
66
What is the function of leptin in female maturation?
Causes the hypothalamus to be less sensitive to estrogen so GnRH can be activated
67
What are the stages of menstration?
Follicular phase - (1-14) development of follicle Ovulation - day 14 Luteal phase - (15-28) degeneration of the corpus luteum
68
What are the phases of the uterine cycle?
Menstrual - day 1-5 Proliferative phase - day 6-14 Secretory phase - day 15-28
69
Where do primary oocytes develop?
Primoridal follicles
70
What is the function of gastrin?
Stimulates stomach gland secretion Increases contractile force of stomach Stimulates pyloric sphincter contraction
71
What kind of chyme moves quickly through the duodenum?
Carbohydrate rich
72
How is chyme released into the duodenum?
Delivered in 3 mL spurts | Retropulsion pushes the rest back
73
What is the function of GIP?
Prevents stomach contractions
74
What are the three enterogastrones?
Secretin CCK VIP
75
What are the three ways that the duodenum can regulate gastric emptying?
Enterogastric reflex Amount of fat in the duodenum INS detects food via stretch and chemoreceptors
76
How does the enterogastric reflex regulate gastric emptying?
Slows stomach contraction Causes liver and pancreas to release secretions CCK and secretin release
77
How does the amount of fat in the duodenum regulate gastric emptying?
High fat concentrations cause the release of CCK, secretin, GIP and gastrin - all slow stomach down
78
What do the receptors in the duodenum detect?
Acidity Stretch Peptides Osmolaity
79
What is the function of CCK?
Stimulates bile and pancreatic juice release | Inhibits gastric secretion
80
What is the function of motilin?
Stimulates intestinal movement
81
What is the function of VIP?
Increases pancreatic and gastric secretions | Relaxes intestine
82
What is the function of secretin?
Inhibits gastric secretion | Increases bile and pancreatic juice output
83
Where does feces get its color?
Bilirubin from bile
84
What specializations does the small intestine have for increased absorption?
Circular folds Villi Microvilli
85
What is the function of bile?
Break down fats
86
What is the function of pancreatic juices?
Buffer the acidity of the chyme that is leaving the stomach
87
What are the three reflexes that occur for movement of food in the small intestine?
Intestinal-intestinal Gastroileal reflex Iliogastric reflex
88
What happens in the gastroileal reflex?
Stomach fills Iliocecal valve relaxes Ileum contracts
89
What happens in the iliogastric reflex?
Ilieum fills | Tells stomach to relax
90
What causes the release of bile and pancreatic juices?
Chyme enters duodenum CCK and secretin are released CCk and secretin cause release of bile and pancreatic juice
91
What is the purpose of the gastrocolic reflex?
Contractions move masses through colon | Initiated by food in the stomach
92
What is the defecation reflex?
Rectum fills and causes contraction of the sigmoid colo and rectum Internal anal sphincter relaxes and opens External anal sphincter is under voluntary control

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (3 decks)

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