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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main parts to the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic vessels
Lymph
Lymph nodes

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2
Q

How does the lymphatic system help maintain homeostasis?

A

Returns fluid that has leaked from the blood vascular system back to the blood
Filtration
Immune system activation

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3
Q

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

A

Forms a one way system that takes fluid that has leaked from capillaries back to venous system

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4
Q

What is lymph movement dependent on?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction

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5
Q

What is lymph?

A

Fluid in lymphatic vessels

Consists of water, electrolytes, proteins and waste

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6
Q

What is the specialized lymph that picks up fat?

A

Lactile

Found in the intestinal mucosa

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7
Q

What is the one location where lymph is thicker?

A

Intestines

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8
Q

What is the main function of lymph nodes?

A

Filters lymph

Activates the immune system

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9
Q

How does lymph go through lymph nodes?

A

Lymph enters through many afferent lymphatic vessels

Can only leave through two efferent vessels

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10
Q

What is the reasoning for having more afferent vessels than efferent vessels?

A

Causes the flow to be slow so filtration can occur

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11
Q

What are the main immunocompetent cells?

A

B cells

T cells

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12
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

Produce plasma cells that produce antibodeis

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13
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A

Directly attack infected cells

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14
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Red bone marrow

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15
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus gland

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16
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Filters the blood

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17
Q

What are the two regions of the spleen?

A

Red pulp - where filtration occurs

White pulp - contains lymphocytes

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18
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A 
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
MALT
Peyer's Patches
Appendix
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19
Q

What are the four types of tonsils?

A

Palantine
lingual
Pharyngeal
Tubal

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20
Q

Where are palantine tonsils located?

A

Back of the throat

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21
Q

Where are lingual tonsils located?

A

Base of the tongue

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22
Q

Where are pharyngeal tonsils located?

A

Posterior wall of nasopharynx

Often called adnoids

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23
Q

Where are tubal tonsils located?

A

Opening of the auditory tube

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24
Q

What is the function of tonsils?

A

Binds to and kills bacteria

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25
Where are peyer's patches located?
Throughout the distal wall of the small intestine
26
What is the function of peyer's patches?
Attempts to kill bacteria before it breaches the intestine wall
27
What is MALT?
Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue | Protects openings to the outside world
28
What is lymphoid tissue largely composed of?
Reticular connective tissue
29
What are medullary cords?
Thin inward extensions from the cortical lymphoid tissue
30
What are lymph sinuses?
Large lymph capillaries spanned by crisscrossing reticular fibers
31
What is the order of structures that lymph goes through in lymph nodes?
``` Afferent lymphatic vessels Subcapsular sinus Medullary sinuses Efferent lymphatic vessels Hilum ```
32
What are the two lymphatic ducts?
Right lymphatic duct | Thoracic duct
33
What is the function of the appendix?
Destroy pathogens before they can breach the intestinal wall | Generate many memory lymphocytes for long term immunity
34
What are the two types of immunity?
Innate immunity | Adaptive immunity
35
What is innate immunity?
Immunity that we are born with | Quick responding, nonspecific immunity
36
What are the four components to innate immunity?
Physical and chemical barriers Inflammation Phagocytes and natural killer cells Protective proteins
37
What are the physical barriers of the innate immune system?
Skin and mucous membranes
38
What are the chemical barriers of the innate immune system?
Stomach is highly acidic Oil glands in skin secrete chemicals Normal bacteria in intestine attack foreign bacteria
39
What is the purpose of inflammation?
Brings extra blood to damaged tissue | Blood contains nutrients, platelets, neutrophils and monocytes
40
What are the four signs of inflammation?
Redness Heat Swelling Pain
41
What cell types are phagocytes?
Neutrophils - first to arrive, forms puss | Monocytes/macrophage - Release cytokines
42
What are natural killer cells?
Destroy foreign cells with cell to cell contact | Do not recognize specific antigens
43
What is the function of interferons?
Infected cells release interferon which helps protect cells that have yet to be infected
44
What is adaptive immunity?
Specific defensive system Has a memory Attacks particular foreign substances
45
What are the cell types involved in adaptive immunity?
B cells | T cells
46
What is the function of B cells in adaptive immunity?
Give rise to plasma cells with produce antibodies | Antibodies combine with and neutralize particular antigens
47
What are the two types of T cells in the adaptive immunity?
Helper T cells | Cytotoxic cells
48
What is the function of helper t cells?
Release chemicals to regulate immune system
49
What is the function of cytotoxic cells?
Attack and kill virus infected or tumor cells
50
What is active humoral immunity?
When your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them
51
How is active immunity acquired?
Naturally acquired - get a bacterial or viral infection | Artificially acquired - from vaccines
52
What is passive humoral immunity?
Ready made antibodies are introduced into your body B cells do not respond to antigens in this case Borrowed antibodies
53
How is passive immunity acquired?
Naturally - babies/fetuses receive antibodies from their mothers or mother's milk Artificially - Antibodies are injected into your body (antivenom)
54
What are cytokines?
Small proteins that act as chemical messengers between various parts of the immune system
55
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Movement of air into and out of the lungs
56
What is external respiration?
O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood
57
What is transport in the respiratory system?
O2 and CO2 are transported in the blood
58
What is internal respiration?
O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
59
What are the two major tracts in the respiratory system?
Upper respiratory tract | Lower respiratory tract
60
What is included in the upper respiratory tract?
Nose Pharynx Larynx
61
What is included in the lower respiratory tract?
Starts at trachea Bronchi and all branches Lungs and alveoli
62
What are the different respiratory zones?
Conducting zone | Respiratory zone
63
What is the function of the respiratory zone?
Actual site of gas exchange | External respiration
64
What is included in the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
65
What are the functions of the conducting zone?
Cleans, warms and humidifies incoming air Tracheal cartilage provides protection from airway collapse Smooth muscle in terminal bronchiole allows for alveoli protection
66
What does the conducting zone include?
``` Nose and nasal passages Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Terminal bronchioles ```
67
What is the function of the glattis?
Helps create vibrations
68
What is the slit between the vocal and vestibular folds called?
Glattis
69
What are the three layers of the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar wall Interstitial space Capillary wall
70
What kind of cells is the alveolar wall made of?
Type 1 alveolar cells (95%) | Some cuboidal type 2 alveolar cells
71
What kind of cells is the capillary wall made of?
Single cell layer thick
72
What is the function of surfactant?
Prevents collapse of alveoli
73
What is the function of alveoli pores?
Connect adjacent alveoli | Equalize air pressure throughout lungs
74
What are the layers of the pleurae?
Parietal plurae Pleural cavity Visceral plurae
75
What is the function of plurae fluid?
Reduces friction for lungs as they glide over thorax wall during breathing movements
76
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
The pressure in the alveoli | Always equalizes with atmospheric pressure eventually
77
What is intrpleural pressure?
Pressure in the pleural cavity | Always about 4mm Hg than intrapulmonary pressure
78
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure
79
What happens if transpulmonary pressure equals zero?
Immediate lung collapse
80
What muscles are involved in quiet inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercoastals
81
What muscles are involved in vigorous inspiration?
Scalenes Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis minor Erector spinae
82
What muscles are involved in quiet expiration?
Depends more on lung elasticity than muscle contraction
83
What muscles are involved in vigorous expiration?
Abdominal wall muscles | Oblique and transversus muscles

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (3 decks)

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