Exam ONe Flashcards
(223 cards)
1
Q
Trilobites
A
oldest known representative of the major group or phylum that includes insects.
2
Q
what does arthropod mean
A
jointed foot-referring to the segmented apendages that all arthropods have
3
Q
most ancient living arthropod
A
horseshoe crab
4
Q
how old are trilobites
A
400-600 m years ago
5
Q
how old are horseshoe crabs
A
250-280 m years ago
6
Q
first insects were probably…
A
tiny wingless and softbodied
7
Q
ancient winged fossils
A
280 m
8
Q
most primitive flying insect
A
dragonflies
9
Q
how were small insects fossilized
A
amber stone
10
Q
how long have insects been around
A
350 million years
11
Q
what kinds of insects were drawn in the early times
A
honeybees
scarabs
silkworms
12
Q
early philosophers interested in bugs
A
homer
aristotle
theophrastus
pliny the elder
13
Q
Johan Sperling
A
most prominent zoologist of the renaissance
14
Q
aristotle
A
first zoologist and included insects in Historia Animalium
15
Q
Theophrastus
A
first to talk about insects as pests to agriculture
16
Q
pliny the elder
A
early naturalist that devoted a whole volume of his historia naturales to the insects
17
Q
what did sterling do for insects
A
tried to talley the known amount
18
Q
john ray
A
came up with a more reasonable estimate for the number of insect species
19
Q
what did ray and sterling do wrong in their estimations
A
counted larval and adult forms of the same insects as different species
20
Q
how many species of mammals
A
4,500
21
Q
how many species of birds
A
8,600
22
Q
how many species of fish
A
21,000
23
Q
how many species of insects
A
1,000,000
24
Q
how many identiied species are arthropods
A
2/3
25
how many identified species are insects
half
26
how many insect species have been discovered
about 1,000,000
27
how many insects to every human
about 200,000,000
28
what kingdom do insects reside in
animalia
29
what phylum do insect fall in
arthropoda
30
what characteristics make the arthropoda phylum
exoskeleton
segmented body
bilateral symmetry
jointed appendages
31
what order does classification go
```
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
```
32
who standardized the way we name living things
carl von linne
33
all species are named by
a two word latin name
34
what does the first name in the latin name for a organism mean
the organism's genus
35
what does the second name in an organisms latin name mean
the species within the genus
36
what is a humans classification address
```
animalia
chordata
mammalia
primate
hominidae
homo
sapien
```
37
what is a house flys classification address
```
animalia
arthropoda
insecta
diptera
muscidae
musca
domestica
```
38
what does the exoskeleton do for the insect
its a hard outer layer that is protective and strong
39
what parts of the insect are covered by exoskeleton
every part
40
what must insects do in order to grow once an exoskeleton hardens
molt because they do not stretch
41
basement membrane
separates inside of the insect from the exoskeleton
42
what is the exoskeleton composed of
epidermis and three layers of cuticle
43
epidermis
a single layer of cells that determine the characteristics of the exoskeleton
44
cuticles three layers
endocuticle
exocuticle
epicuticle
45
endocuticle
bottom layer
| soft and flexible
46
what does the endocuticle contain
the polymer chitin
| and protein
47
exocuticle
the middle layer thats very rigid and not present in non stretchable parts of the body
48
what does the exocuticle contain
protein
chitin
and phenolic compounds
forms sclerotin
49
tanning
when exposed to light
| dark and hardens
50
epicuticle
very top waterproof layer
51
what does the epicuticle contain
protein
wax
cement
52
what is the point of the waterproof epicuticle layer
to keep water inside the insects
53
resilin
a rubbery protein that provides bounce to all joints , hinges, and levers
54
what might be on top of an exoskeleton
hairs
bumps
spines and spurs (venomous)
setae
55
what is the purpose of ingrowth
anchor for muscles and added rigidity
56
what is the fuzz on bumblebees and caterpillars
setae
57
what are the advantages of the exoskeleton
protective
waterproof
protect from disease
lightweight
58
what are the disadvantages of an exoskeleton
have to molt
59
what is the head composed of
6 segments
60
what is the mouthpart composed of
appendages at one point
61
what insects have compound eyes
many adults and certain immature
62
what are compound eyes composed of
many individual lenses or facets
63
what colors can compound eyes see
```
violet
blue
green
yellow
ultraviolet
```
64
what color can insects not see?
red
65
why is so hard to sneak up on a fly
eyes are extremely sensitive to movement
66
simple eyes
oceli
67
what are oceli
single celled with a lens and nerves
68
what do oceli sense
light intensity and some movement
69
most important sense organs on an insect body
antennae
70
what can antennae do
smell
tase
hear
sense wind
71
3 parts of an antenna
scape
pedicel
flagellum
72
what controls movement of an antennae
muscles from the head to the scape
73
mouthparts can be divided into
sucking and chewing
74
what is the original mouth part layout designed for
chewing
75
what kinds of insects have chewing mouthparts
grasshoppers
cockroaches
preying mantids
76
pieces of a chewing mouthpart
```
labrum
pair of mandibles
pair of maxillae
labium
hypopharynx
```
77
labrum
upper lip
78
what is the labrum composed of
two fused appendages
79
mandibles
set of jaws
| hard and tough
80
maxillae
second set of jaws tht move side to side
81
what can be modified to grab and hold
mandible
82
labium
lower lip
83
resembles tongue
hypopharynx
84
how does rasping and sucing work
scratching surface to release juice to be sucked
85
types of sucking
rasping and sucking
piercing and sucking
sponging
86
what is piercing and sucking used for
feeding on animal and human blood
87
what is a mosquitos mouthparts composed of
6 stylets
88
sponging
sucking up liquids
89
fly mouthparts
labrum and labium
90
combination of sucking and chewing
chewing and lapping
91
what parts consist for a chewing and lapping technique
mandible for chewing or grasping
| tube for sucking
92
what insects use the chewing and lapping
bees
| wasps
93
siphoning
tube for feeding
94
what insects siphon
butterflies or moths
95
siphon parts
two modified maxillae and labial palps
96
the tongue in chewing and lapping
proboscis
97
3 sections to an insect
head
thorax
abdomen
98
how many segments in a thorax
3
99
how many segments in an abdomen
6-11
100
where is the center of locomotion
thorax
101
what is each thoracic section divided into
smaller plates
102
where are the legs and wings located
thorax
103
what is the size of each thoracic segment determined by
presence of legs and wings
104
first segment behind the head
prothorax
105
smallest thoracic section
prothorax
106
center thoracic section
mesothorax
107
where are the wings located
mesothorax
108
third thoracic segment
metathorax
109
how many legs do insects have
6
110
legs are modified for
```
walking
running
jumping
digging
grasping
swimming
```
111
what is used for stability
tripod
112
only adult insects can have ____
wings
113
what are the second pair of wings
halteres
114
the textures of forewings
leather
clear membrane
protective
part leather part clear
115
part leather part clear
hemelytra
116
protective cover wings
elytra
117
what can wings be modified with
hooked together
scales
hairs
118
what is the abdomen the center for
center for digestion, excretion, circulation, and reproduction
119
why would the abdomen be flexible
mating
stinging
egg laying
120
cerci
extended appendages on the abdomen usually used for sensory
121
possible appendages on the abdomen
```
cerci
styli
filament
gills
ovipositor
```
122
filament
extension of the last abdominal segment
123
ovipostor
device used to lay eggs in places
124
how do moist environment inhabiting insects breathe
through the cuticle
125
system used for breathing
tracheal system
126
what is the tracheal system composed of
series of tubes connected to openings in the exoskeleton and extending to every cell in the insect
127
what is the tracheal system composed of
series of tubes connected to openings in the exoskeleton and extending to every cell in the insect
128
opening in exoskeleton
spiracle
129
what are connected to the spiracles
large trachae
130
what does the lining of the trachae do?
keeps them from collapsing
131
what are the largest trachae lined with
cuticle
132
what connects the trachae to the transfer oxytgen
tracheoles
133
purpose of air sacs
floating on water or flight
| store O2
134
how does breathing occur
expanding and contracting the body while the spiracles open and close
135
why cant insects get super big
molting and the simple trachael system could not distribute oxygen into a big animal
136
the insect gut is divided into
foregut
midgut
hindgut
137
foregut
close to mouth and is temporary storage as little to no digestion takes place
138
what is the foregut lined with
cuticle
139
salivary glands
produce digestive enzymes
anticoagulants
silk
saliva
140
where do the salivary glands empty
into the foregut
141
where do the salivary glands empty
into the foregut
142
center section
midgut
143
where does most digestion take place
midgut
144
hindgut
unigested foods and waste sit
145
how is waste excreted
mapighian tubules
146
what doe the malpighian tubules do
float around to collect nitrogen waste
147
how do insects secrete nitrogenous waste without losing water
the nitrogen waste solidifies to uric acid
148
frass
solid waste from insects
149
what is the circulatory system referred to?
slosh system
150
what does insect blood have to carry
waste materials
hormones
nutrients
151
function of insect blood
transport and defense
152
pathway of blood
```
heart out by single aorta
to head
back to thorax
to abdomen
picked back up by heart
```
153
accessory hearts
push blood into legs and wings
154
hemolymph
lubricated body parts
hydraulics to exapand in hatching
molting
heat transfer
155
what is used for storage inside body
fat body
156
fat body
irregular shaped
clear or white
in abdomen
157
what resides in a fat body
fats
carbs
and proteins
158
where does metabolism occur
in the fat body
159
where does metabolism occur
in the fat body
160
stages of insect growth
egg
immature
adult
161
shell of an egg
chorion
162
what is the purpose of the chorion
to exchange o2 and CO2 without loss of water
163
where are eggs usually laid
on
in
or near food
164
immatures can be called
young nymphs or larvae
165
purpose of an immature
eat grow and store
166
how many times does an immature molt
2 or 3 to 20+
167
instar
name of stage after molting
168
what releases chemicals to molt
the epidermis
169
what releases chemicals to molt
the epidermis
170
purpose of an adult
go forth and have babies
171
types of change
ametabolous
172
ametabolous
no change
173
stages of ametabolous
egg
young
adult
174
hemimetabolous
one change
175
stages of hemimetabolous
egg
nymph
adult
176
complete metamorphasis
holometabolous
177
stages of metamorphasis
egg
larva
pupa
adult
178
what is the point of the pupa stage
tissues are broken down and synthesized to make totally different structures
179
what can alter generation production
temperature
humidity
day length
180
poikilothermic
maintaing temperature with surroundings
181
diapause
aids in insects ability to withstand freeizing
182
how do insects withstand freezing temperatures
antifreeze
183
what controls metamorphasis
endocrine system
184
hormones sent in molting
juvenille
| Molting
185
where is the reproductive system
abdomen
186
male parts
```
testes
sperm
vas deferens
vesicles
ejaculatory duct
accessory glands
aedeagus and claspers
```
187
what connects the testes to the rest
vas deferens
188
where does the sperm go after the vas deferens
seminal vesicle
189
what happens in the seminal vesicle
stored and nourished
190
what connects the two vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
191
equal to penis
aedeagus
192
purpose of claspers
hold onto female until done
193
what prevents inter species mating
claspers only lock into the adjacent female
194
female parts
```
ovaries
eggs
oviducts
accessory glands
spermatheca
vagina
ovipostor
```
195
insect egg
single large cell
196
hole in egg
microphyle
197
microphyle purpose
allows sperm to enter egg
198
oviducts
transport eggs
199
accessory glands in females
make glue that holds eggs together after laying them
200
spermatheca
hold collected sperm
201
polyembryony
single egg and lots of babies
202
parthenogenesis
birth to genetically same babies
203
Phylum
The great divisions of life within kingdoms. Insects are in the phylum Anthropoda
204
Plastron
an air bubble trapped by hydrophobic setae in some aquatic insects which enhances gas exchange
205
Poikilothermic
Having a body temperature roughly that of the surrounding environment
206
Polyembryony
The condition where a single egg splits into many embryos, producing that many clones of the original egg
207
Probocis
a feeding structure evolved from the chewing mouthparts of ancestral insects found in some modern insects that feed on liquid diets like nectar
208
Pronotum
the top plate on the prothoracic segment. Often highly modified for defense, mating contests, or camouflage purposes
209
Pterygota
winged insects
210
Pupa
stage in metamorphosis between the larva and the adult stage. doesn't eat, move or excrete
211
raptorial
adapted for catching prey animals
212
resilin
rubbery protein that stores energy and provides some stretch in parts of the exoskeleton
213
saltitorial
adapted for jumping
214
spermathec
holds sperm until female needs to fertilize eggs
215
spiricles
holes along sides of abdomen that open to the tracheal respiratory system
216
styli
peg-like appendages found on primitive insects like silverfish
217
Thorax
middle portion of an insect body and center of locomotion
divided into - prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax
218
Trachea
large respiratory pipes
219
Tracheole
tiny pipes that conduct gases to every cell in the insects body
220
Uric Acid
compound formed to get rid of nitrogen produced as waste product of protein metabolism
221
Vas deferens
tube that conducts sperm away from the testes
222
Vesicle
organ that stores sperm in male reproductive tract
223
Viviparous
gives birth to live young nourished by the mother before birth
