Exam Two Flashcards
(259 cards)
1
Q
Insect Classification
A
Animalia
Arthropoda
insect
2
Q
where did arthropods evolve from
A
segmented worms
3
Q
two groups of arthropods
A
biting mandibles
piercing chelicerate mouthparts
4
Q
where does the word insect come from
A
insectum
5
Q
what does insectum mean
A
cut to pieces
6
Q
what does entoma mean
A
insect
7
Q
what are lumpers
A
taxonomists that focus on the similarities betwen groups
8
Q
what are splitters
A
taxonomists that focus on the differences between the groups
9
Q
how many orders in the class insects
A
24 to 36
most likely 31-33
10
Q
what determines insect orders
A
type of metamorphosis
external anatomy
11
Q
Entognatha
A
hidden mouthparts
12
Q
ectognatha
A
exposed mouthparts
13
Q
apterygota
A
wingless orders
14
Q
what do all apterygota’s go through
A
ametabolous lifecycles
primitive sense organs
15
Q
ametabolous life cycle
A
no changes as they grow
16
Q
entognatha orders
A
protura
collembola
diplura
17
Q
only order in the extognatha
A
thysanura
18
Q
thysanura
A
fringe tail
19
Q
characteristics of thysanura
A
three tail appendages
styli on side of abdomen
scales
20
Q
three tail appendages on the thysanura
A
two cerci
median caudal filament
21
Q
ancient wing group
A
paleoptera
22
Q
exopterygotes
A
wings on the outside
23
Q
latin for wing
A
-pter
24
Q
two paleopteran orders
A
ephemeroptera
odonate
25
neoptera
new wings
| folded over abdomen
26
orthoptera orders
```
phasmatodea
orthroptera
dermaptera
grylloblattodes
zoraptera
isoptera
```
27
orthoptera common factor
chewing mouthparts
| simple metamorphasis
28
orthoptera order
grasshoppers crickets
29
orthoptera order characteristics
tegmina
| saltatorial
30
tegmina
thick leathery wings
31
saltatorial
jumping hind leags
32
isoptera
equal wings
33
characteristics of isoptera
fore wings and hind wings are the same size
termites
can digest cellulose
34
hemiptera
mouthparts designed to pierce and suck
35
Phthiraptera
lice
36
characteristics of pthiraptera
mallophaga
anoplura
biting vs sucking
37
holometabolous
undergo complete metamorphasis
38
coleoptera
beatles
39
largest order
coleoptera
40
characteristics of colepoptera
Elytra
| hardened shell wings
41
Hymenoptera
ants bees wasps
42
characteristics of hymenoptera
sex determination
| fore and hind wings are hooked together
43
diptera
tree flies
44
characteristics of diptera
if wings they are on mesothorax
| liquid food
45
siphonaptera
wingless tube
46
characteristics of siphonaptera
wingless
sucking mouth parts
fleas
47
lepidoptera
moths and butterflies
48
characteristics of lepidoptera
sucking mouthparts in adult
| chewing mouthparts as larvae
49
what insects have the most muscles
caterpillars
50
insect muscles consists of
bundles with two substances
51
substances within insect muscles
actin
| myosin
52
what color are insect muscles
transparent or yellow
53
what are insect muscles fueled with
carbs
fats
oxygen
54
how is strength determines
cross section of the muscle
55
cross section of insect muscles
the bigger the cross section the greater the strength
56
why are insect muscles so efficient
bc of exoskeleton they can attach at most efficient parts
57
two categories of muscles
viscerals
| skeletals
58
viscerals
around internal organs
| move fluids and food
59
skeletal muscles
moving body parts
60
resilin
assists or replaces action of a muscle within a joint
61
how does resilin work as a muscle
stored energy s released when the resilin returns to original shape
62
muscles are stimulated by
nerve impulses
63
synchronous muslces
1 nerve impuse
| 1 muscle reaction
64
asynchronous muscles
1 nerve impulse
| several contractions
65
purpose of legs
```
walk
run
dig
graso
swim
```
66
where do grasshoppers get their extra kick
resilin tension over the femur
67
the movement of legs is controlled by
ganglia
68
ganglia
nerve clusters in each thorax segment
69
the entire insect wing functions as
propellar and airfoil
70
all wing movement is done by
muscles attached at base
71
how do insects change direction
changing angle
| vary wing beats
72
primitive insects wings
fore and hind wings function inddependently
73
modern insect wings
hind wings are reduced in size and coupled to fore wings
74
how do moths and butterflies link
loop on trailing edge of forewing
| expanded lobe on leading edge of hind wing
75
how to bees and wasps link their wings
row of small hooks o nhind wing which catch the trailing edge of the forewing
76
halteres
gyroscopes that keep flied balanced when flying
77
where does flight come from in true flied
fore wings
78
what temp must flight muscles be
80-105 F
79
how do insects warm and cool their wings when their surroundings are off
metabolic heat
| corkscrew
80
how do insects regulate their relative heat
regulate blood flow
81
how do jumperss take off
with gusts of wind
82
how do smaller winged insects take off
jumping off tallest twig
83
how do large winged insects take off
single flap
84
what controls muscles in flight
sturdy box made by the thoracic exoskeleton
85
how does the sturdy box control flight
wings attached snap up on down like a light switch while resilin absorbs shock
86
primitive insects muscles for flight
attached to base of wings
synchronous
independent fore and hind wings
87
modern insect muscles for flight
flight muscles are attached to walls of thorax
large set of muscles pull roof of thorax up and down and wings up and down
asynchronous
small muscles change direction
88
what is the wing beat frequency
10-1,000
89
slowest wing beat frequency
20-30
| dragonflies
90
slowest wing beat frequency
20-30
| dragonflies
91
what helps insects navigate
senses of touch
abdomen
legs
92
average flight speed
mile an hour
93
fastest clocked insect flight
87 mph
94
fastest insect
hawkmoth
| 33-36 mph
95
what is beneficial of the ability to fly
migration
96
most known insect migration
locusts
| monarch butterflies
97
one way migration
migrate north with spring
98
two way migration
butterflies fly south in the fall
| new generation flies north in spring
99
definition of communitcation
exchange of information that occurs when the behavior of the sender alters the behavior of the reciever
100
why do insects communicate?
mating
location of food
charge or retreat
spacing
101
which order is mostly associated with sound communication
orthoptera
102
stridulation
scraping to create sound
103
where are stridulating organs
forewings
104
how do assassin bugs and true bug stridulate
scraping tip of beak on underside of thorax
105
tymbals
thick plates of chitin attached to asynchronous muscles
| deform plate inwards and the retirm to normal shape lets out a pop
106
what amplifies the sound of tymbals
air sacs
107
percussion
bang head against substrate
108
what insects ise percussion
termites
death watch beetles
butterflies
109
hissing and whisling
force air through partially closed spiracles
110
wing beating
produces a hum
111
second important way to communicate
visual cues
112
eamples of visual cues
swarming
wing flapping
color flashing
113
bioluminescence
glow worm beetles
glow worms
fireflies
114
3 chemicals of insect light
```
luciferin
luciferinase
o2
atp
magnesium
```
115
how can insects regulate their light
changing oxygen
116
why do glow worms glow
to trick insects into flyin up into the sky
117
why do fireflies glow
mating
118
why would a female firefly change her signal
to attract other species to capture and eat
119
social insects
bees
wasps
termites
ants
120
allomones
chemical production that benefits the sender in the expense of the reciever
121
kairomone
positive for receiver and negative for the emitter
122
pheromone communication is
intraspeicic
123
other types of pheromones besides sex
```
alarm
epideictic
aggregate
caste determining
marker
```
124
alarm pheromone
disperse or swarm in defense
125
epideictic pheromone
resources have been used
126
aggregate pheromone
come together
127
caste pheromone
how many are in a colony
128
marker pheromones
indicate trail or territory
129
percent of pests
less than 5%
130
production from bees
```
honey
beeswax
pollen
royal jelly
venom
```
131
how much honey can one colony produce
couple hundred pounds
132
why is beeswax so useable
melting and highly malleable
133
what do bees do with royal jelly
feed queen
134
what can be used from bee venom
allergy
135
what produces silk
silkworms
136
how do silkworms produce silk
salivary glands
137
how many caterpillars per pound of silk
2500
138
shellac
hard durable glossy finish on hard furniture
139
how is shellac made
scale insects are scraped from trees and boiled to separate shellac
140
cochineal
used to make dye
141
where s cochineal found
on cacti
142
why do carnivorous plants feed on insects
insects contain lots of nitrogen
143
carnivorous plants in NC
sundews
venus
pitcher
144
what is pollination
the transfer of pollen from a male flower to the stigma of a female flower
145
what helps produce cocoa
midges
146
insects as decomposers
recycle into C H N O P
eat dead bodies
animal waste
147
blowfly use
eat dead tissue
| release antibiotics
148
insect uses
entertain
science
decomposers
food
149
vast majority of insects are
solitary
150
give substantial parental care
subsocial
151
solitary examples
preying mantis
| locusts
152
subsocial examples
dung beetles
carrion beetles
roaches
153
communal
members of the same generation live together but has no parental care
154
communal examples
tent caterpillars
whirligig beetles
some bees
155
quasisocial
same gen live together and raise offspring and all essentially equal
156
quasisocial examples
some bees and wasps
157
semi social
live together and take care of young
reproductive division of labor
queen only lives on season
158
semi social examples
wasps
| yellowjackets
159
eusocial
```
superorganism
cooperative group care
reproductive distribution
even more division of labor
extensive overlap of generation
```
160
eusocial examples
termites
bees
ants
wasps
161
similarities btwn truly social insects
```
polymorphism
queen dominated
trophallaxis
grooming
trail marking
colony odor
complex nests
wings
```
162
polymorphism
same species
different looks
different jobs
163
trophallaxis
sharing of gut contents to share messages and nutrition
164
difference among termites ants and bees
```
food
reproduction
sex ratio
immature life
gut microbes
building materials
```
165
termite food
veggie
166
bee food
veggie
167
ant food
veggie
carnivorous
omnivores
168
termite reproduction
king mates for decades
169
bee and ant reproduction
male reproductives die after mating
170
termite workers
male and female
171
ants and bee workers
sterile females
172
termite nymph life
workers
173
bee and ant nymph life
lay around and fed
174
termite build with
bricks and earth materials
175
bee builds with
wax
176
3 types of insect issues
annoyance
177
examples of annoyance
```
crickets
mosquitoes
smelling beetles
roaches
flies
```
178
bazzar fly
rests on human heads
179
entomophombia
fear of insects
180
delusional parasitosis
belief that non existent insects are crawling on their body
181
how could insects cause direct pain or medical problem
urticating hairs
sharp mandibles
spiny legs
182
examples of urticating hairs
saddle back caterpillar
| puss worms
183
examples of spiny legs
grasshopper
| cockroaches
184
why are most blood suckers female
need to develop eggs
185
examples of blood sucking bites
mosquito
| assassin bug
186
pain from horseflies is because
they scrape to get blood drawn
187
examples of venomous bites
black widow
| brown recluse
188
makeup of venom
enzymes
peptides
proteins
histamine
189
most painful NC bite
wheel bug
190
most painful NC sting
velvet ant
191
most painful bite
assassin bug
192
most painful sting
bullet ant
193
most toxic venom
harvest ant
194
anoplura
head lice
195
life cycle of head lice
plant eggs near scalp
eggs (nits)
week to hatch
feed on blood
196
body louse
cootie
197
what is different from head louse and body louse
boyd louse only crawl on body when needing to feed
198
acarina
itch mites
199
where do itch mites live
under the surface of the skin
200
infestation of itch mites in humans
scabies
201
infestation of itch mites in animals
manges
202
myiasis
maggots that eat living human tissue
203
bot flies
lays eggs on mosquitos and hatch on human skin to live and burrow
204
hemiptera
bed bugs
205
siphonaptera
fleas
206
life stage of fleas that feed on blood
adult
207
roach dander
allergic reaction from inhalation from roach danger
208
anaphylactic shock
result of severe allergic reaction
209
what insects did pliny enjoy
grasshoppers and beetle grubs
210
what insects did aristotle enjoy
cicadas
211
what did the Piutes reply on to eat
Mormon cricket
212
how many insects do we eat unknowingly
2-3 pounds a year
213
what insects should we avoid contamination from
flies and roaches
214
why eat immatures
yield of protein and fat to chitin is high
no wings
less sclerotized exoskeleton
215
how can insects be prepared
```
dried
dried and ground
used in soup
fried
raw
```
216
what worm is placed in tequilla bottles
larvae of skipper butterflies
217
repletes
store water and sugar for workers to draw from
218
asian and mexican markets usually have
canned insects
219
when insects are cooked they must be
fresh
220
entomaphogy
eating insects
221
entomography is common
africa
asia
Latin america
222
giant water bugs taste like
spicy
223
how many species end up on plates regularly
1400
224
why are grasshoppers the most eaten
they're most abundant
225
order of most eaten
```
orthoptera
termites
beetles
hymenoptera
lepidoptera
```
226
disease
negative response to an agent
227
agent
pathogen responsible for a diease
228
Vector
the organism which transmits the agent from an infected host to an uninfected host
229
reservoir
host animal that maintains he disease agent in the enviornment for a long period of time
230
mechanical transmission
disease agent hitchhikes on the vector
231
types of transmissiion
mechanical
| biological
232
biological transmission
pathogen spends time inside vector
233
common bio vectors
flease and mosquitoes
234
where did lyme disease come from
large numbers of lyme disease in children in lyme
235
agent that causes lyme disease
spiral shaped bacteria
| barillia burgdorferi
236
reservoirs for lyme disease
deer mice
| deer
237
vector for lyme disease
deer tick
238
what must a female tick do before reproduction
3 blood meals
239
lyme disease symptom
bulls eye rash
headache
joint pain
muscle spasm
240
where is lyme disease prevalent
NE
upper midwest
cali
241
significant tick borne illness in NC
rocky mtn spotted fever
242
agent that causes RMSF
rickettsia
243
reservoirs for RMSF
rabbits
coons
ticks
244
vector for RMSF
dog tick
245
percent of infected ticks
1-3%
246
most common area for RMSF
piedmont
247
symptoms of RMSF
headache
fever
flu-like
rash
248
cause of bumps in RMSF
rupture of small blood vessels under the skin
249
what percent of infected with RMSF untreated will die
30-50%
250
ehrlichiosis agent
bacteria several
251
ehrlichiosis vector
lone star tick
252
special thing bout lone star ticks
all stages of life can bite
253
ehrlichiosis symptoms
no rash
| similar symptoms
254
tick habitat
brushy
weedy
densley wooded
255
when are dog ticks and lone star ticks most active
warmer parts of year
256
when are deer ticks active
mild weather year round
257
what should one wear in tick habitats
light colors and log pants
258
permethrin
applied to clothing to repel ticks
259
DEET
common active ingredient in repellant
