Exam Overview - Sheet4 (1)

Question 1

10yr trend of deaths from natural causes in prison ?

Answer 1

Nearly doubled. Avg. age = 56yrs

Question 2

Avg. distance b/w women’s prisons and their families?

Answer 2

60mi (but many held further) –> makes visiting difficult/expensive

Question 3

Cost of prison ?

Answer 3

£36k (down 18% since 2009)

Question 4

Economic cost of reoffending?

Answer 4

£9.5-13/yr (3/4 can be attributed to former short-sentenced prisoners) (National Audit Office)

Question 5

Effectiveness of short prison sentences vs CommPens on reoffending?

Answer 5

7% higher reoffending rate (+ more crimes committed) for short prison sentences (<12mo)

Question 6

Effect of parental imprisonment on children’s risk ?

Answer 6

300% risk for antisocial/delinquent behavior (Farrington 2008)

Question 7

E&W comparative imprisonment rate (to Europe) ?

Answer 7

147/100k Highest in W. Europe (Scotland: 143/100k; N.I.: 78/100k) E&W have 2x as many indeterminate sentences as FRA, GER, ITA combined.

Question 8

General rates of prison violence ?

Answer 8

Rising sharply since 2012. Serious assaults more than doubled in 3yrs

Question 9

Link b/w prison numbers and crime levels? (National Audit Office)

Answer 9

No consistent correlation. *same int’l findings: Seppala (2015)

Question 10

Male to female prisoners?

Answer 10

95% men; 5% women

Question 11

Most at risk of self-harm in prison pop. ?

Answer 11

1. Indeterminate sentences for IPP. (550 incidents of 1000 serving an IPP) 2. Women = 23% of all self-harm incidents (represent only 5% of total prison pop).

Question 12

NOMS budget reduction since 2010-2011?

Answer 12

Reduced by nearly 25% (savings of £900m)

Question 13

% of adult reconviction w/in 1yr of release?

Answer 13

46% - Those serving ≤12mo = 60%

Question 14

% of black prisoners?

Answer 14

10% (v. 2.8% of gen. pop.)

Question 15

% of children in prison on child protection register OR experienced neglect/abuse?

Answer 15

40%

Question 16

% of children in prison w absent parents?

Answer 16

75% w/o father 1/3 w/o mother

Question 17

of children separated from moms by prison?

Answer 17

> 17.2k (in 2010)

Question 18

% of current prison pop on remand?

Answer 18

12% of total (10k) (68% await trial; rest await sentence)

Question 19

of C/YAs in custody?

Answer 19

under-18s = 900 18-20s = 4.7k = 67% decrease (2007-2015) (Taylor Report)

Question 20

% of C/YAs reoffending w/in 1yr of release?

Answer 20

69%

Question 21

of deaths in prison ? (March 2015-2016)

Answer 21

290 = highest number on record

Question 22

of fires in E&W prisons? (2015)

Answer 22

1935 fires (160/mo) = 57% incr.

Question 23

% of Muslim prisoners?

Answer 23

15% of prison pop. (doubled b/w 2002-2016)

Question 24

% of people entering prison w ≤6mo sentence?

Answer 24

48%

Question 25

% of people remanded accused of non-violent offences?

Answer 25

60% (17% theft; 10% drugs)

Question 26

of people remanded to prison pre-trial? (2015)

Answer 26

40.5k

Question 27

% of prisoners divorced since imprisonment?

Answer 27

10% (double the gen. pop.)

Question 28

% of prisoners homeless OR w/o permanent accommodation pre-custody?

Answer 28

15% and 33%, respectively

Question 29

% of prisoners in receipt of benefits immediately pre-custody?

Answer 29

75%

Question 30

% of prisoners overcrowded?

Answer 30

>25% (over half of E&W prisons overcrowded)

Question 31

% of prisoners serving 4+ yrs (incl. indeterminate)

Answer 31

56% of total (incr. by 26k since 1993)

Question 32

% of prisoners serving IPP past tariff expiry date?

Answer 32

81% (avg. = 44mo beyond tariff)

Question 33

% of prisoners taken into care as child

Answer 33

+25% (compared to 2% of gen. pop.)

Question 34

% of prisoners w 2+ mental disorders?

Answer 34

70% (Gen. Pop. = 5% men; 2% women)

Question 35

% of prisoners w convicted family member

Answer 35

43%

Question 36

% of prisoners w convicted family member who'd been in prison?

Answer 36

35%

Question 37

% of prisoners who ran away from home as child

Answer 37

47% of males; 50% of females (compared to 10% of gen. pop.)

Question 38

% of prison population BAME?

Answer 38

26% (55/10k of pop'n) (v. 14% of gen. pop.) Equality & Human Rights Comm'n: UK more disproportionate than in the US

Question 39

% of prisons "of concern" or "of serious concern" ?

Answer 39

24% (dbl. since 2012)

Question 40

% of ROTL completed successfully?

Answer 40

99.95%

Question 41

% of self-inflicted deaths by prisoners on remand? (2015)

Answer 41

2/5

Question 42

of under-18s entering YJS ?

Answer 42

82% fall (2007-2015) (Taylor Report)

Question 43

% of under-18s reconvicted w/in 1yr?

Answer 43

0.68

Question 44

% of women entering prison serving ≤6mo ?

Answer 44

61% (in 1993: 1/3rd)

Question 45

% of women in prison est'd to have 1+ dependent children?

Answer 45

13-20%

Question 46

% of women in prison sentenced for non-violent offence?

Answer 46

85% (42% for theft/handling stolen goods)

Question 47

% of women in prison who are foreign nationals ?

Answer 47

13%

Question 48

% of women living at home w dependent children at time of custody?

Answer 48

20%

Question 49

% of women prisoners reporting abuse as child?

Answer 49

53% women (27% men)

Question 50

% of women prisoners reporting domestic abuse history ?

Answer 50

46%

Question 51

% of women prisoners reporting suicide attempt at some point in life?

Answer 51

46% (men prisoners = 21%; gen. pop. = 6%)

Question 52

% of women reconvicted w/in 1yr of release?

Answer 52

48% (77% if served 11+ previous custodial sentences)

Question 53

% of young male offenders who are fathers?

Answer 53

25%

Question 54

Overcrowding in private v public prisons ?

Answer 54

Private have higher % of overcrowding than public ever year since 2000

Question 55

% prisoners in receipt of mental health treatment in yr before custody ?

Answer 55

16% men; 26% women

Question 56

Prisoners' likelihood to abuse drugs/alcohol?

Answer 56

Far more likely than gen. pop.

Question 57

Prisoners' numeracy, writing & reading skills (vs. level expected of 11yro)

Answer 57

Numeracy: 2/3 (±66%) Reading: 50% Writing: 82%

Question 58

% prisoners reporting symptoms indicative of psychosis ?

Answer 58

15% men; 25% women (vs. 4% in general public)

Question 59

Prisoners serving indeterminate sentences?

Answer 59

11.5k (64% = life sentence) (36% serving an IPP)

Question 60

% prisoners unemployed in 4wks before custody?

Answer 60

2/3rds

Question 61

% prisoners unmarried pre-custody?

Answer 61

81% (double the gen. pop.)

Question 62

Prison Pop. (England & Wales, June 2016)

Answer 62

84,405 (exp. 90k by 2020)

Question 63

Prison pop. increase since 1993?

Answer 63

92% rise (incr. by 41k) (greater use of long sentences accounts for 66% of rise; avg. sentence 3mo longer today)

Question 64

Proportion of prisoners excluded from school?

Answer 64

1/2 of males; 1/3rd of females

Question 65

Proportion of prisoners w/o qualifications?

Answer 65

1/2 of males; 7/10 females

Question 66

Rates of self-harm in E&W prisons? (2015)

Answer 66

+32,300 = highest ever recorded (40% incr. in 2 yrs)

Question 67

Rates of women imprisonment ?

Answer 67

3.8k (nearly tripled b/w 1993-2005)

Question 68

Reduction of ROTL use ?

Answer 68

-37% (due to new restrictions)

Question 69

Risk of self-harm - women v. men?

Answer 69

2016: women = 23% of all incidents (down from 1/3rd in 2011) (only 5% of total prison pop). * but also reflects sharp rise in men incidents

Question 70

#s of children affected by parental imprisonment?

Answer 70

200k children in E&W had parent in prison during 2009 (more than double children affected by divorce)

Question 71

Suicide rates in custody ?

Answer 71

120/100k people (gen. pop. = 10.8/120k people)

Question 72

What % of world prison pop. are in the US ?

Answer 72

25% of world prisoners (but only 5% of world pop.) 1972: 300k prisoners 2016: 2.3mil Highest incarceration rate in the world.