Pathways into/out of Crime Flashcards
Dynamic factors assoc’d w reoffending (MoJ Transforming Rehabilitation (2014) report)
Dynamic factors assoc’d w reoffending:
- Substance misuse (drug/alcohol)
- Impulse (low self-control)
- Pro-criminal attitude (crime is ‘worth it’)
- Social network (negative/anti-social peer supports criminality)
- Poor family ties etc. (more family visits less likely to reoffend + more likely to be employed etc.)
- Unemployment (offending decr’d w stable+quality employment)
- Accommodation problems
Post-Custodial factors directly assoc’d w reduced reoffending (MoJ Transforming Rehabilitation (2014) report)
- First time in custody
- Employment 12mo before custody
- Reporting worry about being in prison
- Age (2%/yr reduction in reoffending)
- +1yr> sentence
Desistance
Process by which those engaged in a sustained pattern of offending give up crime
Moffitt’s Theory of Offender Types (1993, 1997)
Life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited.
LCP behaviour:
- starts very early and continues throughout offenders life.
- But way in which it is expressed depends on the stage in the life-cycle.
Suggested that this is developed by neurodevelopmental and family factors, harmful features in early social environment.
AL offending:
- incr. rapidly in early adolescence, peaks –> declines rapidly after this.
- Considered “normal”, demonstrate autonomy and maturity.
Criminogenic Needs
Psychological and dynamic ingredients of criminal behaviour and anti-social maladjustment.
Crime-producing factors, strongly correlated with greater risk.
Prison Pop. (England & Wales, June 2016)
84,405
Number + rate of E&W Prison Pop. increase?
Since 1993:
92% rise (incr. by 41k)
% of prisoners who ran away from home as child
47% of males;
50% of females (compared to 10% of gen. pop.)
% of prisoners taken into care as child
24%
% of prisoners w convicted family member
43%
% of prisoners w convicted family member who’d been in prison?
35%
% prisoners unmarried pre-custody?
81% (double the gen. pop.)
% of prisoners divorced since imprisonment?
10% (double the gen. pop.)
% of young male offenders who are fathers?
25%
% of women living at home w dependent children at time of custody?
20%
Proportion of prisoners excluded from school?
42% overall. (50% of males; 33% of females)
Proportion of prisoners w/o qualifications?
1/2 of males; 7/10 females
Prisoners’ numeracy, writing & reading skills (vs. level expected of 11yro)
Numeracy: 2/3 (±66%) Reading: 50% Writing: 82% (compared w gen. pop. = 15%)
% prisoners unemployed in 4wks before custody?
2/3rds
% of prisoners w 2+ mental disorders?
70% (Gen. Pop. = 5% men; 2% women)
Prisoners’ likelihood to abuse drugs/alcohol?
Far more likely than gen. pop.
% of prisoners in receipt of benefits immediately pre-custody?
75%
% of prisoners homeless / w/o permanent accommodation pre-custody?
5% and 33%, respectively
% of adult reconviction w/in 1yr of release?
46% - Those serving ≤12mo = 60%
