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NUR 363 Sam Fox > Exam prep week 9 (qualitative and quantitative data collection) - wk 10 (Ethics in Nursing) > Flashcards

Exam prep week 9 (qualitative and quantitative data collection) - wk 10 (Ethics in Nursing) Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 data collection methods in qualitative research?

A

Direct

Indirect

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2
Q

Explain the ‘direct’ data collection method for qualitative research

A

Most common in qualitative research
Recordable spoken or written words
Observable body language, actions & interactions
i.e. whatever can be observed or communicated

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3
Q

Explain the ‘indirect’ data collection method for qualitative research

A

Generated by some other person or people

eg documents, photographs reporting an event

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4
Q

Qualitative Data Collection Methods include?

A

Interviews
Journal entries/other written data
Observation (generally participant)
Examination of documents

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5
Q

Qualitative Data Collection Methods: Interviews include

A 
Individuals
Direct encounter
Phone interviews
Via email
Non-scheduled
Groups (focus groups)
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6
Q

Qualitative Data Collection Methods: Interviewing considerations

A

How structured: -unstructured

  - semi-structured
  - structured

How recorded: eg digital (audio/video), notes

Where held: eg home, workplace, phone

Ethical issues (confidentiality, vulnerability)

Informed consent

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7
Q

Qualitative Data Collection Methods: Benefits of Interviews

A

Provide researcher with opportunity to enter world of participant

Offer unique data

Potentially productive opportunity

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8
Q

Qualitative Data Collection Methods: Journal Entries

A

Obtain information about dynamic processes before experience forgotten

Rely upon commitment, time & neatness of participant

Can be difficult to read & analyse data

Open-ended questions may provide helpful data

Ethical issues: confidentiality

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9
Q

Qualitative Data Collection Methods: Observation

A

Observing daily life & behaviours

Data in more natural circumstances

More prone to subjective interpretation

Ethical issues: confidentiality, vulnerability

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10
Q

Qualitative Data Collection Methods: Documents and Records

A

Patient notes

Historical documents

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11
Q

Qualitative Data Collection Methods: Rigor/Trustworthiness

A

Strict process of data collection & analysis reflected in:

Credibility (truthfulness)

Auditability (consistency)

Transferability (fittingness/applicability)

Confirmability (no bias or distortion)

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12
Q

Two major ways for error to be introduced in qualitative research:

A
  1. Data collection

2. Data analysis

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13
Q

(Exam)

Qualitative Data Collection Methods need to include: Credibility

A

Overlaps with transferability and trustworthiness

Triangulation

Refers to confidence in truth of findings

Uses member checks with participants and other researchers

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14
Q

(Exam)

Qualitative Data Collection Methods need to include: Auditability

A

Accountability of researchers

Use audit trail

Careful recording of all decisions made regarding design plan, sampling, data collection and analysis

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15
Q

(Exam)

Qualitative Data Collection Methods need to include: Transferability

A

Extent to which findings applicable to different population

Differs from generalisability: focus not on predicting specific outcomes

Rather focus on confirming what was meaningful in one specific setting/group also meaningful in another

External checks to ensure findings applicable to other groups/settings

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16
Q

(Exam)

Qualitative Data Collection Methods need to include: Confirmability

A

Consistency & repeatability

Data collection process clearly documented - Audit trails

Use of computer software to organise and analyse data

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17
Q

(exam)

What are the 4 aspects of Rigor/Trustworthiness?

A
  1. Credibility
  2. Auditability
  3. Transferability
  4. Confirmability
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18
Q

To achieve trustworthiness in qualitative research…

A

Researcher competence
Transparency of research process (decision trail)
Congruence between philosophical and methodological approaches for the study

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19
Q

Data Collection in Quantitative Research measures?

A

Measures variables clearly, specifically and accurately

Measures variables numerically- can be statistically analysed

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20
Q

Measurement of Variables

A

Use objective measures

Distinguish between independent (predictor) & dependent (outcome) variables

Occurs with reference to operational definition of the variable (not theoretical)

Must result in numbers for statistical analysis

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21
Q

The 2 variables are?

A

Independent (predictor)
eg. the medication

Dependent (outcome)
eg. did the medication work? /fix the problem?

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22
Q

Variable example: Does the amount of study affect student’s test results?

Independent variable?

Dependent variable?

A

Independent variable?
= Study

Dependent variable?
= test results

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23
Q

What are the 4 Quantitative Data Collection Methods?

A

Physiologic/laboratory-based

Observational

Questions & self-report scales- questionnaires

Interviews

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24
Q

Quantitative Data Collection Methods:

Physiologic/Laboratory-based Measures

Study These Flashcards
A

Carefully described to demonstrate appropriateness

Describe measures to ensure consistency

25
Quantitative Data Collection Methods: | Observations
Systematic Focus on specific areas carefully defined in data collection instrument Must be consistently reproduced- require adequate detail in description
26
Quantitative Data Collection Methods: Questionnaires
To collect data Scales (eg Carer Satisfaction Scale- CSS) Items Response options examples: (Dichotomous - Yes/NO, Male/Female Likert - scale 1 - 5 Visual analogue - excellent to bad
27
Quantitative Data Collection Methods: Questionnaires example
Instrument: specifies & objectifies the process of data collection eg Written instructions for a focused observation of behaviours indicating pain Questionnaire: instrument completed by study subjects eg 3 page written form asking subjects about their personal characteristics, medications, past medical history & pain Scale: set of written questions/statements that measures a specific variable eg 3 questions that ask subjects to rate how often they experience pain in different situations Item: individual question/statement that comprises a scale eg how often do you wake up at night due to pain 0=never 1=rarely 2=occasionally 3=frequently
28
Quantitative Data Collection Methods: | Error
Refers to error in measurement May result from measurement process itself May result from quality of the measures: reliability & validity
29
Quantitative Data Collection Methods: | Measurement Error
Reliability: consistency in measurement Validity: extent to which it measures that which it purports to measure
30
Reliability means:
that a measure can be relied upon consistently to give the same result if the aspect being measured has not changed
31
Summary of Reliability
The reliability of a measure reflects how definite we can be that the measure will yield the same data consistently if the actual or “real” variable stays the same
32
Reliability: explain... | Inter-rater, test-retest, internal consistency
Inter-rater: 2 or more independent data collectors agree in the results of their data collection Test-retest: expect consistency in the answers (on a scale or questionnaire) at different time points Internal consistency: the extent to which responses to a scale/questionnaire are similar and related
33
*(Exam)* | Validity
Validity reflects how accurately the measure yields information about the true or real variable being measured. A measure is valid if it measures correctly and accurately what it is intended to measure eg. does the sphygmomanometer give accurate results every time
34
Summary of Reliability and Validity
Reliability: focuses on the consistency of a measure Validity: focuses on the accuracy/correctness of a measure
35
Internal/External Validity
Findings must be believable & dependable Two important criteria: internal validity External validity
36
Internal Validity
Refers to whether intervention (independent variable) had real measurable effect on outcome (dependent) variable Need to minimise threats to this eg: selection bias mortality Maturation Problems with instrumentation
37
``` Internal Validity: selection bias mortality Maturation Problems with instrumentation ```
Selection bias: sample needs to be representative of population. Self-selection a problem Mortality: participants drop out of study Maturation: Developmental, biological or psychological processes of individual that change over time- may affect study variable Instrumentation: Changes in measurement or observation techniques- may influence measurement
38
External Validity
Refers to generalisability of findings to other populations &/or settings Factors affecting related to: selection of participants: selection bias, mortality, maturation study conditions types of observations
39
Ethics in Research
Protecting rights of subjects Balance of benefits and risks Informed consent Ethics committee review
40
History of Ethical Codes in Research
WW11- German Doctors’ criminal experiments without consent Led to Nuremberg Code (1946) Universal declaration of Human Rights (1948) World Medical Association: International Code of Medical Ethics Declaration of Geneva (1949) Declaration of Helsinki (1964) UNESCO: Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (2005)
41
Nuremberg Code (1946)
Voluntary consent Protection of subjects from harm Benefits vs risks Qualified researchers
42
Declaration Of Helsinki (1964)
Most recent version 2008 Duty to protect life, health, privacy & dignity Proposal submitted to independent ethics committee for approval Special provisions for children & other groups unable to give consent
43
Unethical Studies
Tuskagee Syphillis Trial (1932-62) Cervical Cancer Study NZ 1966
44
Autonomy & Individual Responsibility (Informed Consent)
No coercion, overt/implied Participants have enough information Information should be understandable to participants
45
Elements of Informed Consent
``` Title of agency Invitation to participate Basis for participant selection Study purpose/aim Explanation of procedures Description of risks/benefits Access to treatment and compensation if injury occurs Voluntary participation Right to withdraw Assurance of confidentiality/anonymity Conflicts of interests declared Offer to answer any questions Names & contacts of researchers, institution, ethics committee Concluding statement Separate consent form ```
46
Informed Consent for Children
Children, parents/guardians/caregivers must all be fully informed in appropriate manner Children advised of rights Children given opportunity to ask questions Person signing must also be advised of rights & given opportunity for questions
47
Privacy, Anonymity & Confidentiality
Privacy: concealment of all matters relating to the participants Anonymity- no one should be able to identify study participants Confidentiality- identities of subjects not linked to information provided: use of codes
48
Privacy, Anonymity & Confidentiality: | - Privacy
Refers to keeping matters concealed- making sure not made public Legal AND ethical requirement in Australia Australian researchers must adhere to State and Federal laws Involves protecting anonymity and confidentiality
49
Privacy, Anonymity & Confidentiality: | - Anonymity
No person should be able to identify individuals in study Not always possible with qualitative research Can use pseudonyms (assumed names) or number codes Geographical issues may hinder anonymity Part of informed consent should alert participants to possibility of lack of anonymity
50
Privacy, Anonymity & Confidentiality: | - Confidentiality
Identities of participants not linked to information provided Data must be securely stored Can be challenges in qualitative research
51
Justice and Beneficence
Justice: risks and benefits distributed evenly Beneficence: do good/prevent harm
52
Human Vulnerability & Personal Integrity
``` Protection of vulnerable groups: Homeless Refugees Children Prisoners Intellectual disability Ethnic minorities Pregnant women Dying patients ```
53
Respect for Cultural Diversity
``` Ethnicity Sexual orientation Religious affiliation Employment status Disability Age ```
54
Researcher Integrity & Honesty
Critical for conduct, reporting & publication of studies Number of cases of previous research misconduct Includes: fabrication, falsification, plagiarism Does not include honest error or differences of opinion
55
Multiple Cases of False Claims/Unethical Drug Trials
Tobacco industry: falsification of addictive nature of nicotine & passive smoking experiments Pharmaceutical industry: Thalidomide & unethical third world drug trials Fabricated results of stem cell research
56
Legal & Ethical regulatory Mechanisms
International agreement but ensuring adherence problematic NH&MRC Agencies for ethical considerations of indigenous populations eg Western Australian Aboriginal Health Information & Ethics Committee (WAAHIEC) Clinical trials in Australia must adhere to legal requirements of Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
57
Evaluating & Monitoring Ethical Issues in Nursing Research
Standards for Research for the Nursing Profession (1990s) Frequently re-endorsed by ANF Ensure accountability for nursing research Complementary to NH&MRC Guidelines National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (NH&MRC 2007)
58
*(Def in the exam)* Critiquing Ethical Aspects of Research Reports
``` Ethics committee approval Informed consent Protection of subjects Subjects informed about purpose & nature of study Potential risks Benefits outweigh risks No coercion Privacy/anonymity/ confidentiality ```
59
Ethics in Nursing Research | Objectives:
State the major ethical considerations for a researcher when conducting a study Understand and elaborate on the core principles involved in research ethics Discuss the principles involved in critiquing the ethical considerations in a research report

NUR 363 Sam Fox (8 decks)

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