exam questions typa style Flashcards by Yasmin Wheeler

Blood films shows presence of blast cells in a child ?

=> acute lymphocytic leukaemia

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What is retinitis pigmentosa

Breakdown of cells in the retina causing vision loss

Genetic disease

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Causes of respiratory alkalosis

Hyperventilation type events ie panic attack, pregnancy, fever, trauma

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*bag of worms

Varicocele

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Investigation for child UTI

Urine culture

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What is Kawasaki’s

A condition that mainly affects children under the age of 5, aka mucotaneous lymph node syndrome

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most common type of cancer in men

Prostate

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1st sign of puberty in girls

Breast bud development

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Indications for dialysis

-intractable hyperkalaemia
-acidosis
-uraemia symptoms
-resistant fluid overload
-CKD stage 5

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Clinical feature of primary open angle glaucoma

Vision loss at the peripherals

Intense eye pain

Nausea + vomiting

Headache

Tenderness around the eyes

Halos

Blurred visions

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drugs that exacerbate gout

Thiazide diuretics ie bendroflumethiazide

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Consequences of uraemia

Increased cardiovascular problems

-hypertension, atherosclerosis, valvular stenosis and insufficiency, chronic heart failure and angina

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Bell’s palsy

Unilateral facial weakness
Drooping eyelid and corner of mouth

Damage to cn VII

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most common cause of compression of cn iii

Micro vascular infarct

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macroscopic vs microscopic haematuria

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which anti-hypertensive drugs can you administer with kidney damage

ACEi + ARBs

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Ent disease that would show a mixed pattern hearing loss

Otosclerosis

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Definition pre-term infant

Born before 37 weeks

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Antibiotic avoided in facial acne

Topical erythromycin

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What age group is adhd recognised in

Under 12 years old

Can be as early as 4 years old

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Investigation for septal haematoma

Nasal speculum or otoscope

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Common cause for sensineural hearing loss in a child of 2 years

Infection
Trauma

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6-week old screening test for babies at primary care

Newborn physical examination = eyes, heart, hips, testicles

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Hutchinson’s sign

Peringual extension of brown-black pigmentation from longitudinal melanonychia onto the proximal and lateral
Nailfolds

+ rash on nose (herpes zoster opthalmicus +)

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What indicates poor asthmatic control in a child

Shortness of breath , coughing wheezing, chest tightness

Indication for dilution of urine

Too much water in urine

How do you manage a night stick fracture

Forearm bracing + early mobilisation ‘Long forearm ulnar gutter splint’

Most common causes of CKD

Diabetes and high blood pressure

What is the neural crest

An embryonic cell type that is unique to vertebrates and forms numerous diverse derivatives Found at the side of the neural tube proximal to the epidermal layer after granulation

Symptoms of Kawasaki’s

Rash Swollen glands in neck Dry red cracked lips Swollen, bumpy red tongue - strawberry tongue Red inside the mouth and at the back of the throat Swollen and red hands and feet Red eyes

management of kawasakis

IV immunoglobulins

Complication of kawasakis

Vasculitis > heart complications

*strawberry tongue

Kawasakis or scarlet fever

*dry, red cracked lips in a child under 5

Kawasaki’s

Management of seronegative arthritis

Analgesia NSAIDs Corticosteroids DMARDs Biologics

Isotonic vs isometric

Isotonic = same tension - the weight on your muscles stays constant Isometric = same length - muscles do no get longer or shorter

Cardiovascular medication that causes dry mouth

ACEis + CCBs Enalapril and nifedipine

Collagen vs elastin on histology

What would pituitary adenoma show on test results

Low testerone Low cortisol Slightly low thyroxin

Side effects of progesterone

May cause dark patches to appear on your face May cause bleeding or spotting > could cause uterine lining to shed a bit early

What is indicative of how dilute urine is ?

Specific gravity

26 year old woman present to her GP with 2 day history of macroscopic haematuria, accompanied by left loin pain Her mother is on regular haemodialysis and her maternal uncle had a subarachnoid haemorrhage What does she have?

Polycystic kidney disease

Medication to give to someone with suspected IgA nephropathy and blood pressure is still not under control

ACEi

What medication exacerbates gout

Thiazide like diuretic

A 68 year old man, smoking since he was 18, attends GP with pain in his calves which comes on after about 50 metres On examination his bp = 179/64 urinalysis shows protein ++ and no blood His GP checks renal function = urea at 1pm mol/l and creatinine 190 What is the likely diagnosis

Renal artery stenosis

Too much urea in the body causes what?

Encephalopathy , nausea , anorexia, pericarditis, neuropathy and asterisks

Bag of worms

Varicocele

What is an indication for dialysis’s

Severe metabolic acidosis ie pH < 7.15

Which nerve is most likely to be affected with a patient presenting with a painful vesicular rash and positive Hutchinson’s sign ?

Nasal-ciliary nerve

78 year old presents with gradual painless loss of vision in both eyes, visual acuities are 6/12 adn 6/18 red reflexes are diminished on examination What is the most likely diagnosis

Wet ARMD

Heritability of retinitis pigmentosa ?

50%

What innervates closing the eyelid (orbicualr action)

Facial nerve (CN VII)

A patient attends the eye clinic complaining of sudden onset double vision, on examination they have a manifest right convergent squint and are unable to abduct the right eye

6th nerve palsy (abducens)

A 68 year old diabetic woman presents to GP complaining of acute onset double vision On examination her right eye is displaced and down and out and there is ptosis of her upper eye lid There is no pupillary involvement What is the most likely cause ?

Micro vascular infarct - this is a 3rd nerve palsy with no pupil involvement and no pain The most likely reason is micro vascular disease associated with age and diabetes

A patient presents to their optician and is diagnosed with primary open angle glaucoma - what clinical feature is there ?

Cupping of the optic disc

Conductive hearing loss on a 58 year old

Otosclerosis

A 60 year old male complains of 6 weeks history of sore throat and hoarse voice - what is the most likely diagnosis

Laryngopharyngeal reflux is the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the upper aero digestive tract

How to protect children from epiglottitis

Hib vaccine

A 2 year old boy has demonstratable sensorineural hearing loss on audiograms What is the most likely diagnosis

Congenital CMV

Unilateral sore throat pain and dysphagia adn visible pus - Likely diagnosis

Peritonsillar abscess

Mixed hearing loss gradual

Otosclerosis

Mixed hearing loss acute

Head injury

Broken nose investigation

None

Management of bronchiolitis

Admit , supportive therapy

Which antibiotic should be avoided in Yung girls

Tetracycline

First sign of puberty in girls

Breast development

What does the 6-week screening check include

To look for : Congenital cataracts

6 year old girl recently been treated by GP for a proven urinary tract infection What is the most appropriate investigation ?

No investigation required

At what point would jaundice be physiological

Should resolve within 2 weeks

At what point is jaundice due to haemolysis

Present within 24 hours

What age group is ADHD usually recognised

6-12 year olds

What symptoms would suggest poorly controlled asthma ? In a 8 year old

Chronic night cough

Define pre term infant

Gestation age less than 37 weeks

Drugs that exacerbate gout

Aspirin Thiazide diuretics

Diffuse systemic sclerosis antibody

Scl-70 (CREST + abdominal pain/bloating Internal organ involvement)

Limited systemic sclerosis antibody

Anti-centromere (No internal organ involvement)

Antibody associated with Dermatomyositis and polymyositis

Anti-Jo1

Virus associated with erythema infectiosum

Parvovirus B16

Specific beta blocker used for symptomatic relief of hyperthyroidism

propanolol

Side effect of Carbimazole

Agranulocytosis - be very careful of patients presenting with painful cough

Definitive management of hyperthyroidism

Carbimazole

Gold standard investigation for suspected ankolysing spondylitis

X-ray where you would see sacroilitis (fusion of sacro-iliac joints)

What do delta cells produce

Somatostatin

What cells produce insulin

Beta cells of pancreas

What do chief cells produce

Pepsinogen

What do alpha cells produce

Glucagon

What causes the release glucose from glucagon

Low blood sugar > releases glycogen from the liver > stimulates the release of glycogen phosphorylase > cleaves glucagon into glucose

*unrelenting high blood pressure and low potassium

Hyperaldosteronism

*raised ALP, but calcium and phosphate are normal

Pagets

*raised ALP, but calcium and phosphate are normal

Pagets

Which 2 nerves run through internal acoustic meatus

Vestibulocochlear Facial