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1
Q

What are the 6 diet-planning principles?

A

Adequacy
Balance
Energy control
Nutrient density
Moderation
Variety

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2
Q

Describe the function of co-enzymes

A

Non-protein molecules that help to catalyse reactions

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3
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of vitamin A (hypervitaminosis)?

A
  • Birth defects
  • Bone defects
  • Skin discolouration
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4
Q

Pantothenic Acid stability factors

A

Stable in dry air
Sensitive to high temperatures and extreme pH

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5
Q

Describe the conversion and functions of Vitamin D

A

Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin from sunlight exposure
Calcium/phosphorus absorption, bone health, and immune function

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6
Q

What are the two types of vitamin A and dietary sources for both?

A

Retinoids (preformed vitamin A) found in animal products
Carotenoids (provitamin A) found in plant-based foods like carrots and leafy greens

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7
Q

What are the effects of positive and negative energy balance?

A

Positive energy balance leads to weight gain
Negative energy balance leads to weight loss

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8
Q

Define metabolism, energy metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism

A

Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in a living cell.
Energy Metabolism: Extracting energy from nutrients.
Catabolism: The breakdown of molecules for energy release.
Anabolism: The synthesis of molecules during energy surplus.

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9
Q

List three treatments for eating disorders

A

Therapy
Nutritional counseling
Medical intervention

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10
Q

3 ways vitamin D supports bone health

A
  1. Promotes bone mineralisation
  2. Calcium absorption from the intestine
  3. Calcium/phosphorus mobilisation from bones
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11
Q

What are the 6 main vitamin imposters? (these are not essential for bodily functions)

A
  • Hesperiden (vit P)
  • Pyroloquinoline quinone
  • Orotic acid
  • Lipoic acid
  • Vitamin O (oxygenated sea water)
  • Pangamic acid (vit B 15)
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12
Q

Outline the key processes activated during fed and fasted states

A

Fed state
Excess nutrients stored as glycogen and fat

Fasted state
1. glucose is used from glycogen stores
2. fatty acids mobilised, gluconeogenesis from amino acids occurs
- Prolonged fasting: ketone bodies produced from fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids for brain energy

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13
Q

What factors can affect vitamin D levels?

A

Sun exposure, age, skin colour, weight, diet, and certain health conditions

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14
Q

What are the 7 food groups and the recommended serves per day for each?

A
  • Fruits: 2 serves per day
  • Vegetables & Legumes/Beans: 5-6 serves per day
  • Grains (Cereal) Foods: 6 serves per day
  • Lean Meat and Alternatives: 2.5-3 serves per day
  • Milk, Yoghurt, Cheese and Alternatives: 2.5 serves per day
  • Unsaturated Fats and Oils: Small amounts based on individual energy needs.
  • Discretionary Foods: Limited to less than 2.5 serves per day
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15
Q

What are two types of aggressive treatment for weight loss?

A

Medication
Plastic surgery

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16
Q

Name a common way to analyse vitamins in foods

A

HPLC: Commonly used method to measure vitamins in food

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17
Q

Describe how vitamins A, D, E and K are absorbed

A

With the help of bile in small intestine and stored in liver and adipose tissue

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18
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin A (hypovitaminosis)?

A
  • Night blindness
  • Blindness
  • Infectious diseases
  • Keratinisation and mucus secretions
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19
Q

What happens to fat cells during weight loss?

A

They decrease in size, but not in number

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20
Q

Vitamin K stability factors

A

Stable to heat
Decomposed by light and alkaline conditions

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21
Q

How does blanching affect vitamin stability?

A

Steam blanching superior to water blanching for retaining vitamins

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22
Q

Thiamin stability factors

A

Degraded by heat, alkaline conditions, sulphites, and certain enzymes

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23
Q

What is the role of vitamin K and its two main sources

A

Blood clotting and bone health
K1 (from plants) and K2 (from bacteria and animal products)

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24
Q

What is energy balance?

A

The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure
Body weight remains stable when the two are equal

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25
What are the coenzyme forms of Niacin and their major functions?
NAD and NADP, moving hydrogen atoms and electrons from TCA cycle to ETC
26
What are the deficiency and toxicity symptoms of Vitamin D?
Deficiency can lead to rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis Toxicity can cause hypercalcemia and soft tissue calcification
27
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
Fluid filling the cell, containing organelles and molecules required for chemical reactions
28
List three eating disorders and what they involve
Anorexia nervosa involves distorted body image and severe restriction of food intake Bulimia nervosa involves binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting Binge-eating disorder involves recurrent episodes of binge eating without compensatory behaviors
29
What are the main steps in the energy metabolism of glucose?
Glycolysis → Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA → TCA Cycle → ETC (produces ATP)
30
How does irradiation affect vitamin stability?
High doses cause vitamin losses
31
What are the 7 main structures of a eukaryotic cell?
Cell membrane Cytoplasm Mitochondria Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes
32
What are the coenzyme forms of Riboflavin and their major functions?
FAD and FMN, moving hydrogen atoms and electrons from TCA cycle to ETC
33
How does alcohol disrupt metabolism and impair health?
Metabolism NADH production inhibits TCA cycle Excess acetyl-CoA converted to fatty acids causing fatty liver Depletes NAD, affecting normal metabolic processes Health Liver damage Impaired nutrient absorbed Altered brain function
34
Major differences between water-soluble and fat-soluble compounds
Water-soluble vitamins Not stored in body, so need to be consumed regularly Toxicity unlikely Fat-soluble vitamins Stored in fatty tissue and liver Toxicity unlikely unless from excess supplements
35
What are vitamins?
Essential organic compounds
36
Niacin and Biotin stability factors
Generally stable to oxygen, heat, and light, but biotin can be decomposed by UV light and strong acids/alkaline
37
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles
38
i. Identify the three nutrients involved in energy metabolism ii. Describe how they are broken down for energy release
Carbohydrates: Broken down into glucose, which undergoes glycolysis, TCA cycle, and ETC to produce ATP Lipids: Triglycerides broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol converted into pyruvate, fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to form acetyl-CoA, entering TCA cycle and ETC Proteins: Amino acids deaminated, producing ammonia and keto acids, which enter TCA cycle. Ammonia is converted to urea for excretion
39
What are the main steps in the energy metabolism of fatty acid?
Broken into acetyl-CoA via beta-oxidation → TCA Cycle → ETC
40
Distinguish between body weight and body composition, including ways to assess body composition
Body weight refers to *total weight*, while body composition refers to the *proportion of fat and lean tissue* Ways to assess body composition include BMI, waist circumference and skinfold measures
41
Vitamin A stability factors
Sensitive to oxygen and UV light Relatively stable to heat unless combined with oxygen
42
What are the main steps in the energy metabolism of glycerol?
Converted to pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA → TCA Cycle → ETC
43
What is the coenzyme form of Thiamin and its major functions?
TPP, conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and in TCA
44
Folate stability factors
Stable at pH 7 Decomposed by oxidising agents and light
45
Food sources of vitamin E
Plant oils Nuts Seeds Green leafy vegetables
46
Pyridoxine stability factors
Stable to oxygen and heat Sensitive to light in neutral and alkaline solutions
47
How does heat processing affect vitamin stability?
Causes loss of certain vitamins
48
What are some of the factors that affect basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
Gender Age Body composition Physical activity levels
49
Why can weight loss be difficult?
Weight loss can increase LPL action, which promotes fat storage. Body tries to maintain weight at 'set point', this decreases gradually during weight loss.
50
What are the main steps of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
1. Electrons from NADH and FADH₂ transferred through complexes, losing energy. 2. Energy used to pump protons across membrane, creating proton gradient. 3. Protons flow back through ATP synthase, producing ATP. 4. Electrons combine with oxygen to form water
51
How does freezing and dehydration affect vitamin stability?
Freezing generally stabilises vitamins; dehydration reduces water-soluble vitamins
52
What are the main steps of the TCA cycle?
1. Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate 2. Citrate is transformed, producing CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, and ATP 3. Cycle regenerates oxaloacetate, which combines with another acetyl-CoA to continue cycle
53
Identify the 7 nutrients that are at risk of deficiency in vegetarian/vegan diets
Protein Omega-3 Fatty Acids Iron Zinc Calcium Vitamin B12 Vitamin D
54
Vitamin D stability factors
Sensitive to light More stable when dissolved in edible oils than in crystalline form
55
Riboflavin stability factors
Sensitive to light, particularly in liquid foods Stable to heat and oxygen
56
List some influences on food intake
Hunger, appetite, satiety, stress, social interactions, and cognitive influences
57
Cobalamin stability factors
Stable at neutral and weak acid pH Decomposed by oxidizing agents and sensitive to light
58
Who may be at risk of vitamin K deficiency?
Deficiency is rare but can occur in newborns, those with malabsorption issues, or on certain medications
59
What is the active form of vitamin E and its role in the body?
The active form is *α-tocopherol* Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage.
60
What are the three forms of vitamin A and their roles
RETINOL - Supports reproduction - Major transport & storage form RETINAL - Active in vision RETINOIC ACID - Acts like a hormone - Regulates cell differentiation, growth and embryonic development
61
What are the main steps in the energy metabolism of amino acid?
Deamination to remove amine group → Remaining carbon skeletons enter TCA Cycle or are converted to glucose
62
Which four vitamins can negatively interact with one another
Vitamin C, B1, B2 and B12
63
Name and explain 4 protection methods for vitamins
Deaeration: Removes oxygen to prevent oxidation Antioxidants: Added to protect sensitive vitamin Packaging: Opaque and airtight packaging protects vitamins from light and air Humidity Control: Adjusting humidity levels to enhance vitamin stability
64
Identify the relationship between body weight and chronic disease
Excess body weight, particularly fat, is associated with increased risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, inflammation, and cancer
65
What is the function of the lysosomes?
Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris
66
Vitamin E stability factors
Oxidized by air Stable to heat without air Degraded by combination of oxygen and heat
67
What are the factors of a healthy vegetarian diet?
Protein Sources: Variety of legumes, soy products, nuts, seeds, and whole grains to ensure all essential amino acids are consumed. Iron: Enhanced absorption by pairing non-haem iron foods with vitamin C-rich foods. Calcium: Through fortified plant milks, tofu, nuts, seeds, and leafy greens. Omega-3s: From ALA sources like chia seeds, flaxseeds, and walnuts. Vitamin B12 and D: Fortified foods and possibly supplements. Meal Ideas: Incorporating a mix of the above food groups as per dietitians’ recommendations, ensuring balance and nutrient adequacy
68
What are the two ways obesity occurs on a cellular level?
Hyperplastic obesity: increase in number of fat cells Hypertrophic obesity: Increase in size of fat cells
69
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) stability factors
Stable in dry air but oxidized in moisture Sensitive to light, heat, and heavy metal ions
70
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER involved in protein synthesis Smooth ER involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification
71
What are four different factors that can cause obesity?
Genetic Epigenetic Environmental Behavioural
72
List the components of energy expenditure
- Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - Physical activity - Thermic effect of food (TEF) - Adaptive thermogenesis

Intro Food (4 decks)

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