EXAM RATIONALE Flashcards by Bspharm 2025

The constituent of Indian tobacco which aids in
breaking the tobacco habit is

A. Nicotine
B. Lobeline
C. Cocaine
D. Indianine
E. None of the above

B. Lobeline (Lobelia inflata)

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Which of the following is a seed gum?

A. Carrageenan
B. Guar
C. Algin
D. Agar
E. None of the above

B. Guar

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This glycoside has anti-rheumatic properties since it is probably oxidized to salicylic acid and in the human system .

A. Sinalbin
B. Sinigrin
C. Salicin
D. Vanillin
E. None of the above

C. Salicin (willow bark- Salix purpurea)

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Use of pilocarpine (Pilocarpus jaborandi) salts

A. Tearing
B. Lens opacity
C. Glaucoma
D. Conjunctivitis
E. None of the above

C. Glaucoma

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A class of plant alkaloids that are widely used to
treat migraine

A. Vinca alkaloids
B. Digitalis glycosides
C. Belladonna alkaloids
D. Ergot alkaloids
E. None of the above

D. Ergot alkaloids (ergotamine, dihydroergotamine)

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The most important contributor to lemon oil flavor is

A. Citral
B. Neral
C. Limonene
D. Geraniol
E. None of the above

A. Citral

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The chief alkaloid of Rauwolfia serpentine is used as
A. Anti-arthritic
B. Hypertensive
C. Anti-diabetic
D. Hypotensive
E. None of the above

D. Hypotensive

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This process involves removing extraneous matter from the plant or animal part used as drugs

A. Harvesting
B. Garbling
C. Collecting
D. Drying
E. None of the above

B. Garbling - final step in preparation of crude drugs

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What is the name given to the liquid portion of volatile oils?

A. Eleoptene
B. Aldehydes
C. Stearoptene
D. Cymene
E. None of the above

A. Eleoptene

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The lambda constituent of red algae:

A. Gelling component
B. Non-gelling component
C. Thickening component
D. Opaquant component
E. None of the above

B. Non-gelling component - thickening properties

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Photosensitizing furocoumarins that occur in a number of plant families where they are a common cause of phototoxicity

A. Psoralens
B. Coumarins
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

A. Psoralens

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This is the purified, fat-like substance from the wool of the sheep

A. Hydrogenated vegetable oil
B. Ethiodized oil injection
C. Persic oil
D. Lanolin
E. None of the above

D. Lanolin aka hydrous wool fat (25-30% water)

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This is not a true balsam

A. Benzoin
B. Storax
C. Balsam of copaiba
D. Tolu balsam
E. None of the above

C. Balsam of copaiba (oleoresin)

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Opium is the air dried milky exudates obtained from the ________ of Papaver somniferum.

A. Trunk
B. Unripe capsule
C. Flowers
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

B. Unripe capsule

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Substandard drug in which quality has been impaired by bacteria or fungi

A. Deterioration
B. Admixture
C. Sophistication
D. Spoilage
E. None of the above

D. Spoilage

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Plants that grow in a foreign land or in a locality other than their native homes are said to be

A. Naturalized
B. Cultivated
C. Indigenous
D. Domesticated
E. None of the above

A. Naturalized

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This polyglucan is used as plasma expander and is formed from sucrose by the action of transglucosylase enzyme

A. Inulin
B. Gelatin
C. Dextran
D. Hetastarch
E. None of the above

C. Dextran (Leuconostoc mesenteroides)

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The active component of Spanish flies used as an aphrodisiac

A. Cantharidin
B. Methoxsalen
C. Chrysaloin
D. Barbaloin
E. None of the above

A. Cantharidin

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It is also known as sweet oil

A. Sesame oil
B. Soybean oil
C. Peanut oil
D. Olive oil
E. None of the above

D. Olive oil (Olea europea)

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This means “Food of the Gods”

A. Theobroma
B. Thea
C. Coffea
D. Cassia
E. None of the above

A. Theobroma

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A method of volatile oil isolation where the oil is removed by puncturing the oil glands by rolling the fruit over a trough line with sharp projections that are long enough to penetrate the epidermis and pierce the oil glands in the outer portion of the peel

A. Expression
B. Ecuelle method
C. Enfleurage
D. Extraction
E. None of the above

B. Ecuelle method

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The drug of choice for the treatment of arthritis and gout

A. Pilocarpine
B. Ergotamine
C. Colchicine
D. Ephedrine
E. None of the above

C. Colchicine

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The most active of the peyote constituents which is regarded as the first of a series of hallucinogens

A. Psilocybin
B. Caffeine
C. Thebaine
D. Mescaline
E. None of the above

D. Mescaline

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1,3,7-trimethylxanthine is the chemical name of:

A. Caffeine
B. Theophylline
C. Theobromine
D. Thebaine
E. None of the above

A. Caffeine

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Used to disguise the bitterness of quinine by paralyzing the taste buds A. Yerba Buena B. Glycyrrhiza C. Yerba santa D. Cascara sagrada E. None of the above

C. Yerba santa

Fat obtained from a plant A. Sebo de Macho B. Suet C. Cocoa butter D. Halibut oil E. None of the above

C. Cocoa butter (Theobroma cacao)

Aloes are used to treat A. Carcinomas B. Burns C. Gastritis D. Vertigo E. None of the above

B. Burns

Formed when fat globules unite A. Cheese B. Buttermilk C. Whey D. Butter E. None of the above

D. Butter

Japanese peppermint is solely employed as a source of A. Menthol B. Terpinol C. Borneol D. Carvacrol E. None of the above

A. Menthol

Astring-O-Sol is a mouthwash which contains A. Mastic B. Myrrh C. Cannabis D. Nutmeg E. None of the above

B. Myrrh (oleogum resin- Commiphora molmol)

Which is not part of compound benzoin tincture? A. Tolu balsam B. Aloe C. Benzoin D. Storax E. None of the above

E. None of the above

It is the most important of the opium alkaloids A. Cocaine B. Heroin C. Morphine D. Codeine E. None of the above

C. Morphine (most abundant)

Odd one out: A. Olive Oil B. Almond Oil C. Cod Liver Oil D. All of the above E. None of the above

C. Cod Liver Oil

The excrescence obtained from the young twigs of Quercus infectoria which yields hydrolysable tannins A. Nutgall B. Ergot C. Hammamelis D. Pyrogallol E. None of the above

A. Nutgall

Decaffeinated caffeine A. 0.01% B. 50% C. 11.3% D. 0.08% E. 0.5%

D. 0.08%

Responsible for the garlic (Allium sativum) odor A. Lactone B. Peroxide C. Allicin D. Catechol E. None of the above

C. Allicin (antioxidant, anticancer, & CVD protection properties)

_______________ is a purified carbohydrate product obtained from the dilute acid extract of the inner portion of the rind of citrus or from apple pomace A. Pectin B. Xanthan gum C. Locust bean gum D. All of the above E. None of the above

A. Pectin

Obtained from Cannabis sativa, when the plant is still young. A. Cannabinol B. Δ-THC C. Cannabidiol D. All of the above E. None of the above

B. Δ-THC *A and B- obtained when plant is matured

Isolated cocaine A. Pierre Robiquet B. Serturner C. Hoffman D. Banting E. Niemann

E. Niemann *** A. Pierre Robiquet (codeine) B. Serturner (morphine) C. Hoffman (LSD) D. Banting (insulin)

Licorice root is obtained from A. Rheum palmatum B. Glycyrrhiza glabra C. Veratrum viride D. Valeriana officinalis E. None of the above

B. Glycyrrhiza glabra

Resinous mixtures containing cinnamic acid or benzoic acid or both are called A. Balsams B. Tannins C. Glycosides D. Aldehydes E. None of the above

A. Balsams

The medicinal and intensely poisonous nature of nux vomica and opium is due to A. Tannin content B. Alkaloidal content C. Glycosidic content D. Resinous content E. None of the above

B. Alkaloidal content

A Greek physician who wrote “De Materia Medica” A. Galen B. Dioscorides C. Theophrastus D. Empedocles E. None of the above

B. Dioscorides

A term introduced by Seydler which means knowledge on drugs A. Pharmacognosy B. Pharmacology C. Chemotaxonomy D. Pharmacy E. None of the above

A. Pharmacognosy (“pharmakon” - drug, “gnosis” - knowledge)

The undissolved portion of the drug that remains after the extraction process is completed A. Menstruum B. Extractive C. Marc D. Derivative E. None of the above

C. Marc

Also known as soluble gun cotton obtained by the action of a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid on cotton A. Oxidized cellulose B. Powdered cellulose C. Ether-Alcohol solution D. Purified rayon E. Pyroxylin

E. Pyroxylin

Preferred method of classification of drugs in Pharmacognosy A. By morphology B. By taxonomy C. By therapeutic application D. By chemical constituents E. None of the above

D. By chemical constituents

A polymer of glucose synthesized by the action of Leuconostoc mesenteroids in a sucrose medium is A. Dextrans B. Limit dextrin C. Dextrin D. Xanthan E. None of the above

A. Dextrans

Preferred form of tragacanth gum which made from transverse incisions on the main stems and branches A. Vermiform B. Tragacanth sorts C. Ribbon and flake D. Bassorin E. None of the above

C. Ribbon and flake (clear color) *A and B- yellow-brown in color

Guar A. Shrubs or Tree Exudates B. Marine gums C. Seed gums D. Plant Extracts E. Microbial gum

C. Seed gums

Which type of cell does not contain a nucleus? A. Eukaryotes B. Plant cells C. Animal cells D. Fungal cells E. Prokaryotes

E. Prokaryotes

What is the primary function of ribosomes? A. DNA replication B. Protein synthesis C. Lipid storage D. Energy production E. Waste elimination

B. Protein synthesis

Which of the following is not a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A. Lipid synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. Detoxification of drugs D. Membrane synthesis E. Calcium ion accumulation

B. Protein synthesis (ribosomes in rough ER)

Which cell structure regulates the movement of materials into and out of a cell? A. Cytoskeleton B. Mitochondria C. Plasma membrane D. Nucleus E. Golgi apparatus

C. Plasma membrane

Which of the following conditions is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21? A. Edward’s Syndrome B. Turner’s Syndrome C. Down’s Syndrome D. Patau’s Syndrome E. Klinefelter’s Syndrome

C. Down’s Syndrome

Which of the following chromosomal mutations results in a female with only one X chromosome (45, X0)? A. Trisomy X B. Klinefelter’s Syndrome C. Turner’s Syndrome D. Jacob’s Syndrome E. Patau’s Syndrome

C. Turner’s Syndrome

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by chromosome alignment at the cell’s equator? A. Prophase B. Metaphase C. Anaphase D. Telophase E. Cytokinesis

B. Metaphase

Which of the following describes karyotyping? A. The process of DNA replication B. The study of amino acid sequences C. A method to visualize and analyze chromosomes D. A way to determine protein structure E. A type of mitotic division

C. A method to visualize and analyze chromosomes

What is the function of peroxisomes in the cell? A. Protein synthesis B. Detoxification and fatty acid breakdown C. Cellular respiration D. DNA replication E. Lipid synthesis

B. Detoxification and fatty acid breakdown

Which structure in the cell is responsible for photosynthesis in plants? A. Peroxisome B. Mitochondria C. Chloroplast D. Ribosome E. Nucleus

C. Chloroplast

Which of the following statements about endocytosis is correct? A. Pinocytosis engulfs solid particles. B. Phagocytosis is also known as "cell drinking" C. Receptor-mediated endocytosis is non-specific. D. Phagocytosis engulfs large particles like microorganisms. E. Endocytosis does not require energy.

D. Phagocytosis engulfs large particles like microorganisms.

Which of the following is NOT true about enzyme catalysis? A. Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions. B. Enzymes are consumed in the reaction process. C. Enzymes bind substrates at active sites. D. Enzymes have specificity for their substrates. E. Enzymes accelerate reaction rates.

B. Enzymes are NOT consumed in the reaction process.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the Induced Fit model of enzyme action? A. The enzyme active site is a rigid structure. B. The enzyme changes shape when the substrate binds. C. Only one specific substrate can bind to an enzyme. D. The enzyme returns to its original shape after catalysis. E. The active site does not allow any conformational changes.

B. The enzyme changes shape when the substrate binds.

Which of the following conditions would most likely decrease enzyme activity? A. Increasing substrate concentration B. Maintaining optimum pH C. Increasing temperature above 45°C D. Adding a positive modulator E. Decreasing enzyme concentration

C. Increasing temperature above 45°C (leads to denaturation)

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding allosteric enzymes? A. They have multiple binding sites. B. Their activity can be regulated by effector molecules. C. Allosteric enzymes follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. D. They can exist in active and inactive conformations. E. Binding of effectors can increase or decrease enzyme activity

C. Allosteric enzymes follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics.

A scientist is studying an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction faster when the substrate concentration is increased, up to a point. After this, increasing the substrate concentration does not increase the reaction rate. What kind of enzyme kinetics is this enzyme likely following? A. First-order kinetics B. Zero-order kinetics C. Michaelis-Menten kinetics D. Allosteric regulation E. Non-competitive inhibition

C. Michaelis-Menten kinetics

A pharmaceutical company is developing a drug that acts as a competitive inhibitor of an enzyme involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. How will the drug affect the enzyme’s activity? A. Decrease Vmax and increase Km B. Increase Vmax and decrease Km C. Decrease Vmax and have no effect on Km D. Increase Km with no change to Vmax E. Decrease both Km and Vmax

D. Increase Km with no change to Vmax

In a pharmaceutical lab, researchers are investigating a new drug that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, reducing its activity. What type of inhibition is this? A. Competitive B. Non-competitive C. Irreversible D. Allosteric E. Uncompetitive

B. Non-competitive

A patient treated with an enzyme inhibitor that decreases Vmax but does not affect Km is likely experiencing which type of inhibition? A. Competitive B. Non-competitive C. Uncompetitive D. Allosteric E. Irreversible

B. Non-competitive

Modified True or False: Statement 1: Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction. Statement 2: Enzymes are consumed during the reaction and cannot be reused. A. Only the first statement is true B. Only the second statement is true C. Both statements are false D. Both statements are true

A. Only the first statement is true

Modified True or False: Statement 1: The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) reflects the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate. Statement 2: A lower Km value means the enzyme has a lower affinity for the substrate. A. Only the first statement is true B. Only the second statement is true C. Both statements are false D. Both statements are true

A. Only the first statement is true

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding protein structure? A. Primary structure refers to the three-dimensional folding of a protein. B. Secondary structure is held together by covalent bonds. C. Tertiary structure is stabilized by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. D. Quaternary structure only applies to proteins with one polypeptide chain. E. Secondary structure involves only hydrophobic interactions.

C. Tertiary structure is stabilized by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions.

Which of the following is FALSE about amino acids? A. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. B. All amino acids contain an alpha carbon attached to four different groups. C. Amino acids with nonpolar side chains are hydrophilic. D. Cysteine contains a sulfhydryl group. E. Glycine is not a chiral molecule.

C. Amino acids with nonpolar side chains are hydrophilic.

Which of the following amino acids does NOT have a nonpolar side chain? A. Valine B. Isoleucine C. Methionine D. Serine E. Leucine

D. Serine

75. Modified True or False: Statement 1: Glutathione acts as a reducing agent in cells. Statement 2: Glutathione contains a disulfide bond. A. Only the first statement is true B. Only the second statement is true C. Both statements are false. D. Both statements are true.

D. Both statements are true.

Which of the following is the most abundant protein in the human body? A. Hemoglobin B. Actin C. Collagen D. Myosin E. Keratin

C. Collagen (connects other tissues and is a major component of bone, skin, muscles, tendons, and cartilage)

The following choices apply: I. Collagen is involved in mechanical support. II. Hemoglobin is involved in oxygen transport. III. Enzymes are biological catalysts. IV. Antibodies function in the immune response. A. I, II, III are true B. I and II are true C. I and III are true D. Only I is true E. I, II, III, IV are true

E. I, II, III, IV are true

Which of the following amino acids is aromatic? A. Serine B. Valine C. Phenylalanine D. Glutamine E. Alanine

C. Phenylalanine

Which of the following is a structural protein found in hair, nails, and skin? A. Myosin B. Collagen C. Actin D. Keratin E. Elastin

D. Keratin

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the removal of a phosphate group from a protein? A. Protein kinase B. Phosphatase C. Lyase D. Isomerase E. Synthase

B. Phosphatase

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the quaternary structure of proteins? A. It involves the folding of a single polypeptide chain. B. It refers to the interaction between multiple polypeptide chains. C. It is stabilized by disulfide bridges only. D. It applies only to fibrous proteins. E. It is the result of only ionic interactions.

B. It refers to the interaction between multiple polypeptide chains.

Which of the following is an essential amino acid in humans? A. Alanine B. Valine C. Glycine D. Aspartate E. Glutamate

B. Valine

Which of the following amino acids can form disulfide bonds? A. Alanine B. Cysteine C. Lysine D. Arginine E. Glutamine

B. Cysteine

Which of the following is NOT true about selenocysteine and pyrrolysine? A. Both are known as the 21st and 22nd amino acids. B. Pyrrolysine is involved in methane synthesis. C. Selenocysteine contains sulfur. D. Selenocysteine uses a stop codon for incorporation. E. Pyrrolysine is found in some archaea.

C. Selenocysteine contains sulfur.

Which of the following statements is true? I. If the amino acid glycine has pKa values of pKa1 = 2.34 and pKa2 = 9.60, then its pI is equal to 5.97. II. If the amino acid cysteine has pKa values of pKa1 = 1.96 and pKa2 = 8.18, then its pI is equal to 10.14. III. If the amino acid glutamate has pKa values of pKa1 = 2.19, pKa2 = 4.25, and pKa3 = 9.67, then its pI is equal to 6.96. IV. If the amino acid lysine has pKa values of pKa1 = 2.18, pKa2 = 8.95, and pKa3 = 10.53, then its pI isbequal to 5.57. A. Only IV is true B. I and III are true C. I and II are true D. I, II, III, IV are true E. Only I is true

E. Only I is true

Which of the following amino acids has a polar uncharged side chain, except? A. Serine B. Cysteine C. Tyrosine D. Glycine E. Threonine

D. Glycine*- only not polar uncharged amino acid

Which of the following amino acids is commonly phosphorylated in proteins during signal transduction? A. Glycine B. Proline C. Serine D. Valine E. Alanine

C. Serine

Which of the following processes leads to protein denaturation? A. Reducing temperature B. Changing pH to its optimum level C. Adding heat or strong acid D. Increasing enzyme concentration E. Lowering the concentration of a denaturing agent

C. Adding heat or strong acid

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for breaking peptide bonds in proteins? A. Kinase B. Lipase C. Protease D. Amylase E. Dehydrogenase

C. Protease

Which of the following is a characteristic of fibrous proteins? A. They are generally soluble in water. B. They serve structural roles in the body. C. They are involved in metabolic pathways. D. They are composed of multiple polypeptide chains. E. They contain active sites for catalysis.

B. They serve structural roles in the body.

Which of the following is a role of collagen in the body? A. It provides flexibility to skin and bones. B. It acts as a storage protein. C. It facilitates blood clotting. D. It transports oxygen in red blood cells. E. It binds calcium in bones.

A. It provides flexibility to skin and bones.

Which of the following is a storage form of carbohydrates in plants? A. Glycogen B. Cellulose C. Starch D. Chitin E. Pectin

C. Starch

A deficiency in which enzyme would make it difficult to digest plant-based cellulose? A. Amylase B. Lactase C. Cellulase D. Sucrase E. Maltase

C. Cellulase

Which of the following carbohydrates is most important for maintaining the structure of plant cell walls? A. Glycogen B. Starch C. Cellulose D. Glucose E. Chitin

C. Cellulose

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding starch? A. Starch is composed of alpha-1,4 and beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages. B. Amylose is the branched form of starch. C. Starch is the primary energy storage form in plants. D. Amylopectin makes up only 10-20% of starch. E. Starch is primarily stored in animal liver and muscle cells.

C. Starch is the primary energy storage form in plants.

Which enzyme deficiency leads to Phenylketonuria (PKU)? A. Homogentisate oxidase B. Phenylalanine hydroxylase C. Tyrosinase D. Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase E. Adenosine deaminase

B. Phenylalanine hydroxylase

What is the committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis? A. Formation of squalene B. Conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate C. Condensation of acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA D. Cyclization of lanosterol E. Isoprenoid synthesis

B. Conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate

Which pathway is also known as the "Hexose Monophosphate Shunt"? A. Glycolysis B. TCA Cycle C. Pentose Phosphate Pathway D. Beta-oxidation E. Gluconeogenesis

C. Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Which enzyme is responsible for converting Acetyl- CoA into Malonyl-CoA during fatty acid synthesis? A. Fatty acid synthase B. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase C. HMG-CoA reductase D. Carnitine acyltransferase E. Malic enzyme

B. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Which metabolic disorder is characterized by dark urine upon standing due to homogentisic acid accumulation? A. Phenylketonuria B. Alkaptonuria C. Maple Syrup Urine Disease D. Tay-Sachs Disease E. Homocystinuria

B. Alkaptonuria

EXAM RATIONALE Flashcards

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