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Psycology > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

operational definition

A

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.

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2
Q

a measure of the extent of how much one variable changes the other

A

Correlation

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3
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

statistical index of the relationship between two variables

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4
Q

Experiment

A

a research method in which the experimenter manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

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5
Q

Validity

A

how correct the experiment is

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6
Q

Neuron

A

a nerve cell. (basic building block of nerve cell)

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7
Q

Axon

A

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles and glands

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8
Q

Action Potential

A

electrical charge that travels down an axon

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9
Q

Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System

A

Central: The brain and spinal cord
Peripheral: gathering information and transmitting CNS decisions to other body parts

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10
Q

Thalamus

A

the brains sensory control center

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11
Q

hypothalamus

A

directs eating, drinking, and body temperature. Linked to reward and emotion

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12
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

ultimate control and information processing center (higher processing)

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13
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Hearing

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14
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

includes areas that receive information from visual views (Sight seeing)

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15
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

lies at the top of the head and receives information for sensory input for touch and body position

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16
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

involves speaking, muscle movement and making plans and judgments

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17
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

connects hemispheres

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18
Q

Left Brain

A

language and math

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19
Q

Right Brain

A

Artistic and music

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20
Q

Broca’s Area

A

language expression

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21
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

language reception

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22
Q

Transduction

A

transforming signals into neural impulses

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23
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

not hearing the clock tick because you are so focused on Mr. jennerjohn talking

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24
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus. (Someone expecting an important text so they are more likely to feel a soft buzz)

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25
Weber's Law
Theory that say JND is based on %
26
Sensation
window to outside world (physical aspect)
27
Perception
Interpreting what comes in the window
28
Rods
More of them. on outsides of eye. low color. low detail. High sensitivity in dim light
29
Cones
Less of them. right in the middle. high detail. high color. low sensitivity in dim light
30
Trichoromatic Theory
three types of cones: Red, Blue, Green
31
Opponent process Theory
Sensory receptors come in pairs: red/green blue/yellow black/white
32
Retina
light-sensitive inner surface of the eye. containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
33
Cochlea
coiled, boney fluid
34
Vestibular Sense
tells us when body is orientated in space
35
Kinesthetic Sense
Tells us where our muscles and body parts are (Max swinging a golf club)
36
Gate-Control Theory
two nerves determine if pain gets to the brain cells. Large fibers close the gate while small fibers allow pain to get in
37
Absolute Threshold
point where you can sense the pain 50% of the time
38
Difference threshold (JDP)
point where you can detect change in threshold 50% of the time
39
Monocular vs Binocular Cues
Monocular: only need one eye to see Binocular: need both eyes to see cues
40
Sleep Cycle
1-2-3-2-Rem 2-3-2 Rem
41
REM Sleep
rapid eye movement sleep. Reoccur sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur
42
Addiction
compulsive craving of dugs or certain behaviors despite the adverse consequences
43
Withdrawal
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior
44
psychoactive drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
45
Depressants
such as alcohol that slow body functions
46
Stimulants
excite neural activity and speed up body functions (cocaine, meth, nicotine, ecstasy, amphetamines)
47
opiates
opium and its derivatives such as morphine and heroin, they temporarily lessen pain and anxiety
48
Agonists
opens receptor sites
49
Antagonists
blocks neurotransmitter from opening receptor site
50
Classical Conditioning
used to predict what will happen next
51
Airsoft example...Neutral stimulus, UCS, UCR, CS, CR
``` NS- that was easy UCS- hitting roommate UCR- Flinch CS- that was easy CR- Flinch ```
52
Acquisition
the linking of the neutral stimulus and unconditioned response
53
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response.
54
Generalization
once conditioned, the likeliness for something similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
55
Discrimination
the learned ability to distinguish what is the correct stimulus and what is not.
56
Spontaneous Recovery
the reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response
57
Operant Conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a type of reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
58
shaping
taking "baby steps" to get to the desired behavior
59
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforce behavior every time behavior is exhibited
60
Partial reinforcement
Reinforce behavior only sometimes
61
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (rat knowing its way to cheese as exploring map)
62
Insight Learning
learning through the "aha" moment. (chimpanzees climbing to get banana)
63
Sensory Memory
the intermediate (very brief) recording of sensory information
64
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
65
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
66
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new learning
67
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on prior learning
68
Serial Position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
69
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
70
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
71
Phenomes vs Morhemes
Phoneme: the smallest distinctive sound unit Morhemes: the smallest unit that carries out meaning
72
representativeness heuristic
judging things on how well they seem to provide a description, and ignoring other factors
73
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
74
Drive Reduction Theory
the theory that one gets to an aroused state of mind when the need food or water
75
homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced internal state
76
set point
the weight at which the body's set point is set. If it gets below this we get hungry
77
General Adaptation Syndrome
Body goes through 3 stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
78
Type A vs. Type B
A: aggressive temperament and anger B: laid back and easy going

Psycology (14 decks)

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