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exam review Flashcards

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1
Q

Stages of meiosis

A 
meiosis 1
1. prophase 1
2. metaphase 1
3. anaphase 1
4. telephase 1
meiosis 2
1. prophase 2
2. metaphase 2
3. anaphase 2
4. telephase 2
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2
Q

chromosomes coil tighter and become visible, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle forms.
each chromosome composed of 2 sister chromatids
synapsis

A

prophase 1

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3
Q

chiasmata hold homologues together following crossing over

homologues are aligned at the metaphase plate side by side

A

metaphase 1

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4
Q

microtubules of the spindles shorten
homologues are separated from each other and move to opposite poles
each pole has a complete haploid set of chromosomes consisting of one member of each homologues pair
independent assortment

A

anaphase 1

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5
Q

nuclear envelope reforms
sister chromatids are no longer identical
meiosis 2 occurs

A

telophase 1

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6
Q

resembles a mitotic divison

A

meiosis 2

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7
Q

nuclear envelopes

A

prophase 2

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8
Q

chromosomes align on metaphase plate

A

metaphase 2

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9
Q

sister chromatids are separated from each other

A

anaphase 2

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10
Q

nuclear envelope re-forms around 4 sets of daughter chromosomes

A

telephase 2

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11
Q

when does homologous chromosomes are lined up and when they are separated

A

lined up in metaphase 1 and separate in anaphase 1

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12
Q

when does sister chromatids are lined up and when they are separated

A

metaphase 2 and separate in anaphase 2

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13
Q

when does crossing over begins to occur

A

prophase 1 and end in anaphase 1

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14
Q

the sites of crossing over

A

chiasmata

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15
Q

the four-part structure that forms during the prophase of meiosis and consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids

A

tetrad

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16
Q

how may cells of what type should be made by the end of meiosis 1

A

two diploid cells

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17
Q

do homologous chromosome of a pair have any particular side of the metaphase plate

A

no, its random

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18
Q

when do sister chromatids finally separate from each other in meiosis

A

meosis 2, in anaphase 2

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19
Q

What are the two mechanisms in meiosis that result in genetic variation

A

independent assortment and crossing over

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20
Q

organisms that reproduce asexually rely mainly on mutations for variation in their offspring

A

plants, fungi, and many protists divide mitotically

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21
Q

results of meiosis in humans

A

2 cells containing haploid sets of chromosomes

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22
Q

the alleles that is present

A

genotype

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23
Q

they physically present of the allele

A

phenotype

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24
Q

two alleles of the same type

A

homozygous

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25
two alleles that is dominant and recessive
heterozygous
26
what diseases are x-linked and the general patterns of x-linked recessive inheirtance
red-green color blindness | hemophilia
27
if a disease is more common in males
dad has to have it, mom has to be a carrier
28
which disease discuss involves incomplete dominance
sickle cell anemia
29
gain or loss of chromosome
aneuploidy
30
loss
monosomy
31
gain
trisomy
32
normally for those with same chromosome type
trisomy
33
made up of meiosis and fertilization
sexual life cycle
34
two of each chromosome types
diploid cells
35
one of each chromosome types
haploid cells
36
fertilized age
diploid zygote
37
carry genes for the same traits but come from different sources
homologous chromosomes
38
diploid states dominate in what
animals
39
the pairing of homologous chromosomes
synapsis
40
the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair`
crossing over
41
crossing over allows the homologous to exchange
chromosomal material
42
in mitosis, homologous behave
independently
43
first meiotic division
reduction division
44
if blending occurs why dont all individuals look alike
paradox
45
crossed different plants of tobacco plants that produced hybrids that differ from the parents
Josef Kolreuter 1760
46
study garden
t.a knight
47
father of genetics
gregor mendel
48
cross that involves only one trait
monohybrid
49
two alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation and are rejoined at random, one from each parent, during fertilization
principle of segregation
50
monohybrid cross
segregation
51
dihybrid cross
segregation
52
cross used to determine the genotype of an individual with dominant phenotype
testcross
53
only have recessive alleles to give
tester
54
a single trait controlled by more than one gene
polygenic inheritance
55
when you have on allele that has more than one effect on the phenotype
pleiotropy
56
all chromosomes other than sex chromosomes
autosome
57
fruit fly experiment
t.h. morgan
58
sex determination in humans is based on the presence of a Y chromosomes
sex chromosomes
59
2 X chromsomes
female
60
1 X chromosomes
male
61
certain genetic diseases affect males to a greater degree than females
sex linkage
62
heterozygous females are
asymptomatic carriers
63
wasting away of muscles, eventually leading to death; affects on out of every 3600 male births
duchenne muscular dystrophy
64
a protein involved in the cemcrestor and release of calcium ions
dystrophin
65
the lack of dystrophin leads to
wasting away of muscles
66
x chromosome is nearly broken, most often found in males
fragile x syndrome
67
ensures an equal expression of genes from the sex chromosomes even though females have 2x chromosomes and males have only one
dosage compensation
68
XX: XY
lyonization
69
highly condense in active chromosome
barr body
70
mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genes
chromosomes theory
71
kid gets mitochondria from
mother
72
single-nucleotide polymorphisms
SNPs
73
affect a single base of a gene locus
SNPs
74
failure of homologous or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis or mitosis
nondisjunction
75
medical procedure permitting prenatal diagnosis of any genetic disorders
amniocentesis
76
are inactivated x chromosomes are an example of dosage compensation influence calico cat coloration
barr bodies
77
trisomy 21 is known as
down syndrome
78
klinefelter syndrome and turner syndrome are the result of
abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes
79
alternate form of a gene
allele
80
does the likelihood of nondisjunction in oocytes increases or decreases with a woman's age?
yes

GBiology (4 decks)

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