Exam Three Flashcards
(45 cards)
What is a death system
concept that describes how society handles death and mortality
Who invented death system concept
Thanatologist Robert Kastenbaum in 1977
What are the components of a death system
People
Places
Times
Objects/Symbols
What are the functions of a death system
Warning and predicting individuals about death (preparation)
Caring for the dying (hospitals)
Disposing of the dead (funeral homes)
Social consolidation (functioning with death)
Making sense of death (meaning making)
Killing (death penalty laws)
Death system and Four-Facet Model
Physically (body decomp, disposal, preservation, cremation)
Socially (relationships, arguments, close bonds)
Psychologically (grief, dependence, trauma)
Spiritual (meaning-making)
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
Psychiatrist in Chicago in late 1960s through 70s
What is Kubler-Ross known for?
Suggests we can learn a lot from individuals who are dying
Interviewed a couple hundred cancer patients with terminal diagnoses
5 Stages of Death and Dying
What are the 5 Stages of Death and Dying
Denial and Isolation stage
Anger Stage
Bargaining Stage
Depression Stage
Acceptance Stage
What is the Denial and Isolation Stage
Initial reaction to news that disease is terminal
Necessary human reaction (positive)
Buffer between us and mortality
Not a permanent state – comes and goes in waves
Denial of family members and loved ones
What is the Anger Stage
Resentment, jealousy
Families and nurses deal with brunt of anger
Can be seen as therapeutic
What is the Bargaining Stage
Bargaining with medical staff and religious figures
Continual bargaining (if previous one worked)
Bargaining because of guilt and remorse
What is the Depression Stage
Worsening of condition (weight loss, unable to move/speak)
Reactive Depression (triggered by already experienced loss)
Preparatory Depression (preparing for death; harder to manage)
What is the Acceptance Stage
NOT happiness that one is dying
Feelings of giving up, loss of bargaining
Loss of interest in activities/hobbies
Important Factors of Stages of Death Model
Not a sequential order
Not everyone experiences all five
What are critiques of Stage-Based Model
No proof of discrete stages
No evidence of progression through stages
Other influences can impact a persons’ responses to dying
Used as a prescriptive process
What did Charles Corr (1992) suggest we do?
Shift away from KR’s model
(1) A basis for understanding everyone and everything involved
(2) Foster empowerment and decision-making
(3) Emphasize participation (loved ones and dying individual)
(4) Provide guidance for care providers
Four Facet Model and Considerations of Dying Individual
Physical (nutrition, hydration, elimination of pain)
Psychological (security, richness of living)
Social (relationships)
Spiritual (acceptance, hope, life-review)
Where does the word hospice come from
Latin root, meaning hospitality
What is hospice care
End-of-life care for people who are not expected to live longer than six months
Requires a diagnosis
Forego any efforts to cure illness
When did historical hospice begin
3rd/4th century AD by Roman Emperor Constantine
Converted to Christianity and created Infirmaries
What was the hospice in medieval Europe called
God’s Hotel in France
Room of the Poor (central court area with medication and closed off areas with rooms)
What was the hospice movement in UK founded/started
St. Christopher’s Hospice
Dame Cicely Saunders
Founded in 1967 London
Given money by husband who passed away from cancer
54 beds
Died there in 2005
What was the hospice movement in USA founded/started
Dean of Nursing at Yale held dying conference in late 60s
Dame Cicely Saunders
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
Dr. Balfour Mount
Dr. Murray Parkes (Grief)
Hospice movement in USA
Connecticut Hospice in 1974
