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Exam1Lec3Epithelium Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the exterior of epithelium?

A

skin

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2
Q

What is the interior of epithelium?

A

Interior = body tubes
* Mesothelium :inside body cavities/covering internal organs
* Endothelium: inside vascular + lymphatic systems
* Endocardium: inside heart

alex said dw abt these bc will learn later

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3
Q

What is the function of epithlium?

A

Secretory tissue of glands + ducts
Specialized receptors for senses (smell, taste, etc.)

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4
Q

What is th structure of epithelium, (inner to outer)

A

Apical (domain) layer faces the lumen
Cellular layer
Basal (domain) layer faces the basement membrane

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5
Q

What are characteristics of epithelium?

A

Cell junctions = connect cells to BM or other cells
Basement membrane = layer underneath epithelium

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6
Q

What is epithelioid tissue and its locations?

A

Epithelioid tissue is devoid of an apical (free) surface

Locations:
Endocrine glands = adrenal gland, anterior pituitary gland, pancreas
Epithelioreticular cells = in the thymus
Epithelium-derived tumors = epithelial ovarian carcinoma

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7
Q

Basement membrane of epithelium and connective tissue can also be called what?
What is is made of?
What underlies it?

A

Basement membrane = basal lamina

Made up of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules = collagen, laminins, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

Underlying the basement membrane is connective tissue (reticular fibers=collagen III fibers)

Epithelium -> Basement Membrane (BM) ->Connective Tissue (CT)

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8
Q

What is mucosa in epithelium and connective tissue?

A

Mucosa = epithelium + basement membrane + connective tissue (lamina propria)
Can sometimes include muscle
Lines digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts

will test mucosa vs serosa

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9
Q

What is serosa in epithelium and connective tissue?

A

Serosa = epithelium (mesothelium) + basement membrane + connective tissue
Does NOT have muscle
Lines body cavities (peritoneal, pericardial, pleural cavities

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10
Q

What are the 2 main types of epithelium?

A

Simple = 1 layer of cells
Stratified = 1 or more layers of cells

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11
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of epithelium? ( these describe the shape)

A

squamous, columnar, cuboidal

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12
Q

What is squamous epithelium?

A

Squamous = flat cells

We have
1. Simple squamous
2. Stratified squamous ->keratinized or non-keratinized

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13
Q

What is columnar epithelium?

A

Columnar = long / tall cells
We have:
1. Simple columnar -> ciliated or non-ciliated
2. Stratified columnar (ciliated or non)
3. Pseudostratified columnar (Not all epithelial cells reach the apical surface) ciliated or non

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14
Q

What is cuboidal epithelium?

A

Cuboidal = cube-shaped cells
We have:
1. Simple cuboidal
2. Stratified cuboidal
3. Transitional cuboidal: Marked by transition in cell shape across the epithelium

transitional is LY

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15
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium?

A

Simple Squamous = 1 layer of flattened cells

  • Endothelium ->lines interior of circulatory system
  • Mesothelium ->lines interior of body cavities; covers organs (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium)
    -Ex. = pleura (lungs) ->alveolar type 1 cell = simple squamous
    -Ex. = peritoneum (abdomen) ->kidney = simple squamous
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16
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Stratified Squamous = 1+ layers of flattened cells

Classified as keratinized or non-keratinized
Keratinized = appear as layers of squamous cells above apical surface
Ex. = epidermis

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17
Q

What is simple columnar epithelium?
classified as?
secretory and/or sensory fxn?

A

Simple Columnar = 1 layer of tall cells

Classified as ciliated or non-ciliated
* Sensory function -> eyes (cornea) + inner ear/nose/buccal cavities
* Secretory function -> digestive (small intestine) + reproductive systems

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18
Q

What is stratified columnar epithelium?
classified as?
secretory and/or sensory fxn?

A

Stratified Columnar = 1+ layers of tall cells
Classified as ciliated or non-ciliated
* Secretory function -> large ducts of exocrine glands

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19
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

classified as?
secretory and/or sensory fxn?

A

Pseudostratified Columnar = 1+ layers of tall cells w/some not reaching apical surface
Classified as ciliated or non-ciliated
* Secretory function ->respiratory system
Ex. = goblet cells secrete mucus to protect surface

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20
Q

What is simple cuboidal epthelium?

A

Simple Cuboidal = 1 layer of cube-shaped cells
* Small ducts of exocrine glands = pancreas-> absorption
* Germinal epithelium = surface of ovary->barrier
* Kidney tubules -> absorption
* Thyroid follicles ->absorption

Cuboidal = centered nucleus

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21
Q

What type of tissue is this

on exam

A

simple cuboidal

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22
Q

What is stratified cuboidal epitheloums?

A

1+ layers of cube-shaped cells

Large ducts of exocrine glands
Ex. = sweat glands

Cuboidal = centered nucleus

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23
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and what makes up the cytoskeleton

A

Cytoskeleton = non-membranous organelle structure
microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

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24
Q

Explain what are microtubules?

A

25nm
Made up of tubulin = protein
Contain alpha + beta subunits
Formed at MTOC (i.e., centrosome)
Bound by kinesin + dynein

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25
Explain intermediate filaments
(10nm) 6 different types Acidic, basic, vimentin-like, neurofilaments, lamins, nestin
26
Explain microfilaments
Actin - 5nm Made up of g-actin that will form f-actin Bound by myosin [for muscle contraction]
27
What are apical modifications?
Modifications made to the apical surface of the epithelium ## Footnote include non motile, actin containing microvilli and sterocolia. Also includes motile cilia whihch contain microtubules and dynein arms
28
Microvilli motile or non motile? Contains? Fxn?
Non-motile Contain actin (micro) filaments Fxn = absorption -> spreads apart d/t myosin ## Footnote Striated border” (intestines) or “brush border” (kidneys)
29
Stereocilia 9+0 or 9+2? motile or non motile? Contains? Fxn?
9+0 Contain actin (micro) filaments Fxn = absorption (epididymis) + sensory (vestibular hair cells)
30
Cilia 9+0 or 9+2? motile or non motile? Contains?
9+2w Motile -> beat in a synchronous pattern Contain 9 microtubules w/dynein arms + center doublet ## Footnote Found in trachea, bronchi, oviducts, ependyma, sperm
31
# Epithelial Modification Disorders What is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD)
dysfunctional cilia (or flagella in sperm cells)
32
What are 2 ex of Epithelial Modification Disorders of the respiratory tract?
Kartagener’s syndrome and Young’s syndrome ## Footnote Respiratory Tract -> failure of ciliary motility + mucociliary transport leads to chronuc resp problesm like bronchitis, sinusitis, asthma,etc
33
What is Kartagener’s syndrome?
=structural absence of dynein arms (microtubules)
34
What is Young’s syndrome?
malformation of dynein arms (microtubules)
35
What are the Epithelial Modification Disorders of the reproductive tract?
failure of flagellum (sperm) or cilia (fallopian tubes) leads to Infertility (males) or ectopic pregnancy (females
36
What are the Epithelial Modification Disorders of the nervous system?
failure of cilia (ependyma in brain ventricles) Leads to Hydrocephalus internus = non-motile cilia unable to move CSF out of the ventricles
37
# Epithelial specialization What is the apical domain?
Modifications = microvilli + stereocilia + cilia Keratin (stratified squamous)
38
# Epithelial specialization What is the lateral domain?
Cell junctions = zonula occludens, zonula adherens, macula adherens, gap junctions ## Footnote Lateral folds lead to increased lateral surface area in cells transporting fluids + electrolytes
39
What are the 3 types of lateral cell junctions of the lateral domain?
* Occluding junctions = primary intercellular diffusion barrier * Anchoring junctions = mechanical stability of cells via actin or intermediate filaments * 'Communicating junctions = direct communication b/n cells by diffusion
40
What are the proteins of the occluding junction of the lateral domain? | occluding junction=zonula occuludens
occludin, claudin, junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)
41
What are the proteins of the anchoring junction of the lateral domain | anchoring junction= zonula adherens + macula adherens (desmosomes)
E-cadherins (z.a.) + cadherins (m.a.)
42
What is the protein associates with the commmunicating junction of the lateral domain? | communicating junction=gap junctioris
connexin
43
# Epithelial specialization What is the basal domain?
Anchoring Cell junctions = hemidesmosomes, focal adhesions and Basement membrane = ECM molecules ## Footnote Basement membrane = attachment site for epithelial cells Basal membrane inholdings lead to increased basal surface area in cells involved in active transport
44
What do both hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions do?
Anchor cells to ECM hemi: anchoring junction to interm filaments focal: anchoring junction ti actin (micro) filaments ## Footnote extra cellular matrix
45
Tight junctions can also be called what? What is the fxn ? | slide 14 TA
Zonula occludens Seals neighboring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leakage of molecules between them.
46
Adherens junctions can also be called what? What is the fxn? | slide 14 TA
Zonula Adherens Joims actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in a neighboring cell
47
Desmosome can also be called what? What is the fxn?
Macula Adherens Joins the intermediate filaments in one cell to those in a neighbor
48
What is the fxn of gap junction?
Allows the passage of small water-soluble ions and molecules.
49
What is the fxn hemidesmosoome?
Anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina
50
What is the fxn of focal adhesions?
Anchor actin filaments of the cytoskeleton to the basal lamina
51
What is the protein associated with the anchoring junctions of the basal domain | anchoring junctions=hemidesmosomes + focal adhesion
Integrins
52
What is the difference bewteen lateral and basal jxn?
Lateral jxn = cell to cell Basal jxn = cell to BM
53
# Epithelial cell junction targets What is Clostridium Perfringens?
attacks zonula occludens by binding to claudin ## Footnote Breaks down tight junctions Results in food poisoning
54
# Epithelial cell junction targets What is Helicobacter Pylori?
attacks zonula occludens by binding to occludens proteins * Proteins = occludin, claudin, JAM * Binds tight junctions but does NOT break them down * Results in injury to the protective barrier of the stomach
55
Basal membrane can also be called what?
basal lamina/lamina densa ## Footnote basement memb: detected by LM basement lam: detected by EM
56
How are glands formed by the epithelium?
Epithelial cells proliferate downward+penetrate underlying CT
57
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine gland = does NOT contact the surface Exocrine gland = does contact the surface
58
What are the different mechanisms of exocrine gland secretion?
* Merocrine (sweat) = membrane bound vesicles * Apocrine (mammary) = surrounded by mem. + cytoplasm * Holocrine (sebaceous) = entire cell breaks open
59
What are the types of secretion from exocrine glands?
* Mucous = viscous, slimy, water-soluble secretion * Serous = non-viscous, watery secretion * Mixed = combination of both mucous + serous secretions
60
What does the left side of this picture represent?
Mucous
61
What does the right side of this picture represent?
serous | has a darker stain
62
What type of tissue is box 1?
Simple Squamous epithelium
63
What does box 1 represent?
red blood cells in the lumen of a blood vessel
64
What type of tisseu does block 1 represent?
Mesothelium (simple squamos epithelium)
65
What type of tissue does box 1 and 2 represent?
Box 1: Simple cuboidal epithelium Box 2: simple columnar epithelium
66
What type of tissue does box 1 represent?
Simple squamos epithelium
67
What type of tissue does box 1 represent?
simple cuboidal epithelium
68
What is box 1 and box 2?
Box 1: goblet cell Box 2: simple columnar epithelium
69
What does box 1 and 2 represent?
Box 1: Lumen Box 2: Stratified squampus epithelium (non-keratinized)
70
What does box 1,2,3,4,5 represent? | hint- 1 is the name and the rest are layers
Box 1: Epidermis Box 2: Stratum Corneum Box 3: Stratum Spinosum Box 4: Stratum Granulosum Bix 5: Stratum Basale
71
What does box 6,7,8,9 represent? | hint-6 is the name and 7,8 are layers
Box 6: Dermis Box 7: Paillary Layer Box 8: Reticular Layer Box 9: Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)
72
What does box 1,2,3 represent?
Box 1: Stratified keratinized epithelium Box 2: Outer surfacr skin with hair follicles Box 3: Sebaceuous gland
73
What does box 1 and 2 represent
Box 1: Pacinian corpuscle Box 2: sweat gland ( stratified cuboidal epithelium of duct)
74
What does box 1 represent?
Transitional epithelium ("umbrella" cells)
75
What is box 1?
Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
76
What does this represent?
Mucous
77
What does box 1 represent?
Serous
78
What is the arrow pointing to (white spaces lining this tissue)?
Goblet cells

Histology (39 decks)

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