Exam2Lec1CVSystem

Question 1

Layers of the heart wall from outside to inside

Answer 1

1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

Question 2

What does the epicardium contain?

Answer 2

Coronary vessel, adipose nerves, and visceral pericardium

fat cells, bv, nerves

Question 3

The bulk of the heart is made of what?

Answer 3

Myocardium

Question 4

How can you characterize myocardium?

Answer 4

• Centrally nucleated nuclei (1-2 per cell)
• Cell jxns (intercalated disks)
• Irregular shpaed cells that branch

Question 5

What does the myocardium contain?

Answer 5

cardiac muscle (myocytes)

Question 6

What does the endocardium include?

Answer 6

Endothelium, Subendithelium, subendocardium (this contains purkenje fibers)

purkinje cells, fibers, smooth m

Question 7

what are the conducting cells of the heart?

Answer 7

Purkenjie (modified myocytes)

Question 8

What lines the inside of the heart?

Answer 8

Endothelium with simple sq epithelium

this is the same as saying endocardium

Question 9

What lines the outside of the heart?

Answer 9

Mesothelium (simple sq epithelium)

this is the same as saying epicardium

Question 10

What are major characteristics of the semilunar valve?

Answer 10

Dense irreg connective tissue with most of the valve which is covered by endothelium

Question 11

How does arterial blood pass?

Answer 11

Into a capillary bed then into the venous system

Question 12

Portal systems occur b/w 2 capillary beds. what 2 systems do we see?

Answer 12

Arterial system(in kidneys) has an arteriole b/w the 2 beds
Venous sytem (in liver) has a vein b/w the 2 beds

Question 13

The largest arteries in the body such as the aorta and pulmonary trunk are characterized by what:?

Answer 13

Large amounts of elastic fibers in the tunica media

elastic arteries

Question 14

What are the layers of bv from outer to inner. Be specific as to what they contain

Answer 14

Tunica Adventitia=elastic fibers
Tunica Media= elastic fibers + smooth m cells
Tunica intima=smooth muscle cells

Question 15

What is the bv lined with and what do the cells secrete?

Answer 15

lined with Endothelium and cells secrete VWF, endothelin, collagen (2/4/5), glycoprotein

Question 16

What are 2 charactersitcs of elastic arteries? What is an example?

Answer 16

1. Thick tunica media
2. Lots of elastic fibers-> stains dark purple
   Ex: aorta + pulm trunk

Question 17

What are two characteristics of muscular arteries?

Answer 17

1. Thick tunica media
2. lots of smooth muscle cells-> many nuclei

Question 18

What are 3 characteristics of medium veins?

Answer 18

1. Thin tunica media=elastic + reticular (type 3 collagen ) fibers, SMCs
2. Adventitia blends in w/ surrounding CT
3. Irregularly shaped

Question 19

What are 2 charachteristics of Large veins-vena cava?

Answer 19

1. Thin tunica media= elastic + reticular (type 3 collagen) fibers, SMCs
2. May contains valves (unlike arteries)

reticular fibers only visible w/ silver stain

Question 20

What are 2 characteritcs of arterieoles?

Answer 20

1. Characterized by 1-2 layers of SMCs
2. Meta arterioles control flow from arteriole into capillary

Question 21

What is one key chracterization of capillaries?

Answer 21

1 layer of endothelium

Question 22

What are the 3 types capillaries?

Answer 22

1. Continuous
2. Fenestrated
3. Sinusoidal (discontinous)

Question 23

Where are continous capillaries located and what do they contain?

Answer 23

In muscle + nerve tissue
Contains a fully intact membrane (it has NO holes in it), so no diffusion

Question 24

Where are fenestrated capillaries located and what do they contain?

Answer 24

In digestive organs + pancreas
contains a perforated membrane (it has some holes in it), so some diffusion

Question 25

Where are sinusoidal (discont/) capillaries located and what do they contain?

Answer 25

In liver + spleen + bone marrow contain an incomplete membrane (it has large gaps in it) so diffusion on large products like RBCs.

Question 26

What does the neurovascular bundle contain?

Answer 26

Nerve, artery, vein, lymp surrounded by fascial sheath (CT)

Question 27

How can you identify nerves and arteries in a neurovascular bundle?

Answer 27

Nerve: no lumen, but many nerve facicles (bundle of fibers) Artery: thick tunica media (mostly SMCs) + red colored lumen (d/t RBCs)

Question 28

How can you identify vein and lymph in the neurovascular bundle?

Answer 28

Vein: thin tunica media + irregular shaped lumen Lymph: contains only endothelium (simple sq) ## Footnote dont have to identify lympoh in phto

Question 29

What is myocardial infarct and what is it caused by? | low yield

Answer 29

heart attack caused by build up of cholesterol (arthero). The cholesterol damges endothelium and then formation of plaques blocks artery preventing flow. Loss of bf leads to muscle tissue dying and then neutrophils + macrophages come into the areas to clear out the dead (necrotic) cells. Fibroblasts use collagen to form scar tissue.

Question 30

What is CHF? | low yield

Answer 30

inability to pump enough blood due to cardiac hypertrophy.

Question 31

What is #1?

Answer 31

Epithelium

Question 32

What is #2?

Answer 32

Subendothelium

Question 33

What is #3?

Answer 33

Subendocardium

Question 34

What is #4?

Answer 34

Myocytes

Question 35

What is #5?

Answer 35

Intercalated discs

Question 36

What is circled?

Answer 36

Purkenjie cells

Question 37

What is #1?

Answer 37

Elastic artery

Question 38

What is #2?

Answer 38

Semilunar valve leaflets

Question 39

What is #1?

Answer 39

Tunica media

Question 40

What is #2

Answer 40

Tunica intima

Question 41

What is #3?

Answer 41

Endothelium

Question 42

What is #1?

Answer 42

Adventitia

Question 43

What is #2?

Answer 43

Media

Question 44

What is #3?

Answer 44

Intima

Question 45

What is #1?

Answer 45

Internal elastic lamina

Question 46

What is #2?

Answer 46

Media

Question 47

What is #3?

Answer 47

Lumen

Question 48

What is #4?

Answer 48

External elastic lamina

Question 49

What is #1?

Answer 49

Vein

Question 50

What is #2?

Answer 50

Muscular artery

Question 51

What is #3?

Answer 51

Adipose

Question 52

What is #4?

Answer 52

Muscle

Question 53

What is #5?

Answer 53

Nerve

Question 54

What is #6?

Answer 54

Fascial sheath

Question 55

What is #6?

Answer 55

Fascial sheath

Question 56

What is #1?

Answer 56

Internal elastic lamina

Question 57

What is #2?

Answer 57

Endothelium (intima)

Question 58

What is #3?

Answer 58

Media = more cells than fibers (stained dark purple)

Question 59

What is #4?

Answer 59

External elastic lamina

Question 60

What is #5?

Answer 60

Adventitia

Question 61

What do endothelial cells (simple squamous) secrete?

Answer 61

* Von Willebrand factor = bloot clot formation * Vasoconstrcitors = endothelin = contracts vessels * Collagen 2, 4, 5 * Fibronectin = glycoprotein * Laminin = glycoprotein

Question 62

What 3 systems are activated to maintain cardiac output?

Answer 62

1) Increase in catecholamines from SNS = results in peripheral vasoconstriction = increased venous return 2) Renin-angiotensisn-aldosterone (RAAS) decreases kidney filtration & increases fluid retention = increases blood volume 3) Cardiac hypertrophy from increased sarcomeres in either parallel or series

Question 63

What is does concentric hypertrophy cause?

Answer 63

increases wall thickness (parallel sarcomere replication)

Question 64

What does eccentric hypertrophy cause?

Answer 64

increases wall length (series sarcomere replication)