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Exam1Lec9DevelopmentofNS Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the neural plate located?
What does the lateral edges become?

A
  • In front of the primitive node (mid dorsal)
  • lateral edges become neural folds
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2
Q

What does notochord and paraxial mescenchyme cause?

A
  • Ectoderm to form to the neural plate
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3
Q

What does the neural tube form?

A

CNS

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4
Q

What does the neural crest form?

A

Forms the PNS and ANS

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5
Q

At week 4, the neural plate forms what? what forms after that

A

forms the neural tube and neural crest cells

Neural tube: CNS

Neural crest cells become: PNS and ANS

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6
Q

What does the cranial 2/3 of the neural plate+ tube become (as far caudal as the 4th pair of somite’s) ⭐️

A
  • Future brain
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7
Q

What does the caudal 1/3 of the neural plate and tube become? ⭐️

A

spinal cord

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8
Q

What gives polarity to the embryo?

A

Primitive streak

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9
Q

For the neural folds, they fuse opposite of _ someite’s

A

4th-6th somite’s

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10
Q
  • What does the fusion of neural folds create?
  • How it is structured?
A

Forming the neural tube that is open at both ends
* Cranial/rostral neuropore
* Caudal neuropore

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11
Q
  • When does the cranial/rostral neuropore close?
  • Caudal neuropore close when?⭐️
A

Cranial/rost NP: around 25 days
Caudal NP: around 27days

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12
Q

What happens during spinal cord development that will decrease the neural canal size?

A

Lateral walls WITH PSEDUO STR COLUMNAR EPITH of the neural tube thickens BUT NOT CENTRAL CANAL

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13
Q

Initially what tissue are the walls of the neural tube composed of?

A

Thick pseudostratified columnar neuroepithelium

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14
Q

For the spinal cord, proliferation and differentiation of the neuroepithelial produces what?

A
  • THick walls
  • thin roof and floor plates

the diff zones

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15
Q

What is the sucus limitans and what does it do ⭐️?

A
  • Differential thickening of lateral walls of the spinal cord produces a shallow longitudinal groove on each side
  • separates alar and basal plate
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16
Q

What does the neuroepithelial cells constitute? ⭐️⭐️⭐️

A
  • Intermediate (mantle zone)
  • Ventricular zone (ependymal cells)
  • Marginal Zone
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17
Q

What does the ventricular zone give rise to? ⭐️

A

macroglial cells and neurons

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18
Q

What does the intermediate (mantle zone) contain and what type of matter? ⭐️

A
  • Contains alar and basal plates
  • Gray matter
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19
Q

What does the marginal zone consist of and what type of matter? ⭐️

A
  • consists of outer parts of the neuroepithelial cells
  • becomes white matter
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20
Q

neuroepithelial calls in the _ zone differeitate into _

A

neuroepithelial calls in the ventricular zone differeitate into primordial neurons- neuroblasts

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21
Q

The alar plate is responsible for _ neurons and forms the _ horn of the spinal cord

A

Sensory; dorsal

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22
Q

How does spinal nerve formation happen?

Dorsal vs ventral

A

Cells from dorsal rami-> spinal nerve_> dorsal root ganglia-> dorsal roots-> dorsal horn

Cells from ventral horn-> ventral roots-> spinal nerve-> ventral rami

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23
Q
  • What is the end of the spinal cord called?
  • Where does it end at in peds and in adults? ⭐️
A

Conus medullaris
* Birth (peds): L3
* Adults: L1-L2

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24
Q

Where are schwann cells derived from?⭐️

A

Dervided from neural crest cells

schwann is PNS

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25
Where do oligodendrocytes dervie from?⭐️
Neural tube
26
# ⭐️ * What is a neural tube defect? * What are some diseases/issues that arise? * What can help to advoid this?
failure to close the neural tube * Spina bifida cystica * meroencephaly (anenephaly) * Craniorachischisis FOLIC ACID FORTIFICATION
27
What are the two big broad types of spina bifida⭐️
* SB occulta (MOST COMMON) * SB cystica (meningeal cysts)
28
What are the different subtypes of SB Cystica ⭐️
* SB meningocele * SB meningomyelocel (**more common and seere than meningocele**) * SB myeloschisis (most severe)
29
# ⭐️ * What happens in SB occulta? * Where is it more common? * What is the signs of it?
* Neural arche(s) fail to fuse in the median plane: UNFUSED ARCH * at L5 or S1 * Presents with samll dimple and **tufted hair** (or lipoma, dermal sinus, etc)
30
What happens in SB Meningomyelocele⭐️
MORE COMMON AND SEVERE THAN MENINGOCELE * Unfused arch * meninges * spinal cord
31
What is SB myeloschisis⭐️
MOST SEVERE TYPE * Spinal cord is open * Neural folds failed to close * permanent paralysis or weakness in lower limbs
32
What is a good biomarker for spina bifida⭐️⭐️⭐️
Alpha-fetaprotein (AFP)
33
What is often associated with severe cases involving several vertebrae?⭐️
Meroencephaly * Absence of the calvaria * Partial absence of the brain * Facial abormalitities
34
What is a dermal sinus birth defect⭐️⭐️
failure of surface ectoderm to detach from neuroectoderm and meninges that envelop it Meninges become continous with a narrow channel * extends to a dimple on the skin in the sacral region Dimple indicates: region of closure of caudal neuropore * Last place of separation betwee: surface ectoderm and neural tube
35
When does the caudal neuropore close?⭐️
closes roughly at the end of the 4th week
36
The spinal cord ends at _ for newborns and myelination of the ganglion surrounding the spinal cord are due the cells derived from where?
L3; Neural crest
37
Develops in the third week when the neural plate and tube are developing from the _
neuroectoderm
38
What develops into the brain?⭐️
Neural tube, cranial to the fourth pair of somites
39
fustion of the neural folds in the cranial region and closure of the rostral neuropore forms three vesicles:
* forebrain (prosencephalon) * midbrain (mesencephalon) * hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
40
What does the wall of the neural tube become?⭐️
Brain
41
What does the lumen of the tube becomes?⭐️
Brain ventricles: CSF formed here
42
Label this⭐️⭐️⭐️
43
How does the pituitary gland develop ⭐️⭐️
Neurohypohysial Diverticulum (post pit) * Neuroectodermal downgrowth from diencephalon * forms **neurohypophysis** Hypophysial Diverticulum (ant pit) * Ectodermal upgrowth from stomodeum * Forms **adenohypophysis (Rathk'e pouch)**
44
What does the pontine flexure divide and into what? ⭐️
Hindbrain into: * **Metencephalon** -pons -cerebullum * **Myelencephalon** -medulla
45
The does the pontine flexure also do the ventricle? ⭐️⭐️⭐️
Thinning of the roof of the 4th ventricle
46
What special somatic afferents do? ⭐️
sense of balance and gravity
47
What plate does special visceral efferent associate with and what does it do?⭐️
* Basal plate * Skeletal muscles of branchial arch origin
48
What plate does special visceral afferent associate with and what does it do?⭐️
alar plate "special senses" taste and olfaction
49
What is the ventral and dorsal portion of metencephalon? ⭐️
Vent: pons Dorsal: Cerebellum
50
What does the roof of the 4th venticle contain? How does the CSF flows? ⭐️
Choroid Plexus: CSF flow-> subarachnoid space via three foramina * foramen of luschka (2) * Foramen of Magendie (1)
51
Where does the sulus limitans end? ⭐️
mesencephalon
52
What does the lumen of the mesencephalon create? ⭐️
cerebral aqueduct
53
What does the lateral walls of the diencephalon contain?
thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalmus
54
All the nucelei in diencephalon are composed of ?
derived alar lamina association cells
55
What does the lumen of the diencephalon create? ⭐️
3rd ventricle
56
What is the rostral wall of the 3rd vent formed by?
lamina terminalis which is the cranial most end of original neural tube
57
What is the cranial most end of the original neural tube ⭐️
lamina terminalis of the 3rd vent
58
What does the telencephalon forms ⭐️
* cerebral hemispheres * lateral ventricles
59
What does the telencephalon forms as?
lateral diverticula of the orginal neural tube
60
The cerebral hemispheres of the telencephalon, the thinning go walls leads to what?
neural tube thins Leading to the formation of choroid plexus in the: * floor and medial walls of lateral ventricles * roof of the 3rd ventricle
61
* The pontine flexure divides which structure? * This structure also contains which ventricle?
Hindbrain and 4th ventricle
62
What are the 3 types of craium bifidum (cyst) ?
crainial meningocele: * meninges with CSF Meningoencephalocele * meninges with CSF * Portion of cerebellum Meningohydroencephalocele: * meninges with CSF * Portion of the occipital lobe * Portion of posterior horn of lateral ventricle
63
What is hydrocephalus?
imbalance b/n production and absorption of CSF * leading to excess CSF in the ventricles Significan enlargement of the head Rare cases: * increased productionof CSF via choroid plexus adenoma
64
What is meroencephaly
Defect of calvaria and brain * failure of the rostral neuropore to close (@ the end of the 4th week) Forebrain, midbrain, most of the hindbrain and calvaria are absent Exencephaly * brain exposed or extruding from the cranium * nervous tissue degenerates
65
What is microcephaly
reduction in brain growth * without affecting brain structure Calvaria and brain are small BUT face is normal size
66
What is the corpus callosum
* main neocorical commissure of the cerebral hemispheres * Agensis of corpus callosum could lead to brain defects

Neurosciences (28 decks)

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