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Bio252 > EXAM2 NERVOUS SYSTEMS > Flashcards

EXAM2 NERVOUS SYSTEMS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A
  • conduction
  • neural integration
  • locomotion
  • reflexes
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2
Q

What function does conduction serve in the spinal cord?

A

Nerve fibers conduct sensory and motor info up and down the spinal cord

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3
Q

What function does neural integration serve in the spinal cord?

A

Spinal neurons receive input from multiple sources, integrate it, and execute appropriate output (I.e. bladder control)

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4
Q

What function does locomotion serve in the spinal cord?

A

Spinal cord contains central pattern generators: groups of neurons that coordinate repetitive sequences of contractions for walking

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5
Q

What function does reflexes serve in the spinal cord?

A

Involuntary responses to stimuli that are vital to posture, coordination and protection

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6
Q

How many spinal nerves are there total?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves (mixed nerves)

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7
Q

How many of each spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 8 cervical (C1-C8)
  • 12 thoracic (T1-T12)
  • 5 lumbar (L1-L5)
  • 5 sacral (S1-S5)
  • 1 coccygeal (Co1)
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8
Q

What are sensory (afferent) nerves?

A

Carey signals from sensory receptors to the CNS

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9
Q

What are motor (efferent) nerves?

A

Carry signals from CNS to muscles and glands

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10
Q

What are mixed nerves?

A

Consists of both afferent and efferent fibers

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11
Q

What are the 5 nerve plexuses?

A
  • cervical plexus
  • brachial plexus
  • lumbar plexus
  • sacral plexus
  • coccygeal plexus
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12
Q

Cervical plexus

A
  • in the neck
  • C1-C5
  • supplies neck and phrenic nerve to the diaphragm
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13
Q

Brachial plexus

A
  • near the shoulder
  • L1-L4
  • supplies abdominal wall, anterior thigh, and genitalia
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14
Q

Sacral plexus

A
  • in the pelvis
  • L4, L5, S1, and S4
  • supplies remainder of lower trunk and lower limb
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15
Q

Coccygeal plexus

A

S4, S5, and Co1

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16
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Quick, involuntary, stereotyped reactions of glands or muscle to stimulation

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17
Q

Reflexes require stimulation

A

Not spontaneous actions, but responses to sensory input

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18
Q

Reflexes are quick

A

Involve few, if any, interneurons and minimum synaptic delay

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19
Q

Reflexes are involuntary

A

Occur without intent and are difficult to suppress

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20
Q

Reflexes are stereotyped

A

Occur essentially the same way every time

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21
Q

Do reflexes include glandular secretion and contraction of all three types of muscle?

A

Yes, reflexes include glandular secretion and contraction of all three types of muscle

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22
Q

What are somatic reflexes?

A

Reflexes involving the somatic nervous system inner aging skeletal muscle

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23
Q

What is the pathway of a somatic reflex arc?

A
  • somatic receptors
  • afferent nerve fibers
  • integrating center
  • efferent nerve fibers
  • effectors
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24
Q

Where are the somatic receptors located?

A

In skin, muscles, or tendons

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25
Q

In regards to the somatic reflex arc what is the use of the afferent nerve fibers?

A

Carry info from receptors to posterior horn of spinal cord or to the brainstem

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26
Q

In regards to the somatic reflex arc what is the use of the integrating center?

A

A point of synaptic contact between neurons in gray matter of cord or brainstem
*It determines whether efferent neurons issue signal to muscles

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27
Q

In regards to the somatic reflex arc what is the use of the efferent nerve fibers?

A

Carry motor impulses to muscles

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28
Q

In regards to the somatic reflex arc what is the use of the effectors?

A

The muscles that carry out the response

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29
Q

What is the stretch reflex?

A

When a muscle is stretched, it “fights back” and contracts

30
Q

What is the use of the stretch reflex?

A
  • helps maintain equilibrium and posture
    • head starts to tip forward as you fall asleep
    • muscles contract to raise the head
  • stabilize joints by balancing tension in extensors and flexors, smoothing muscle actions
31
Q

How is stretch reflex mediated?

A

Stretch reflex is mediated primarily by the brain, but it’s spinal component can be more pronounced if muscle is suddenly stretched by a tendon tap (knee jerk)

32
Q

What is a tendon reflex?

A

In response to excessive tension on the tendon

33
Q

What does the tendon reflex do?

A
  • inhibits muscle from contracting strongly

- moderates muscle contraction before it tears a tendon or pulls it loose from the muscle or bone

34
Q

What are tendon organs?

A

Proprioceptors in a tendon near its junction with a muscle

35
Q

What is a flexor reflex?

A

The quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb from an injurious stimulus

36
Q

What does the flexor reflex do?

A

Triggers contraction of the flexors and relaxation of the extensors in that limb

37
Q

What is the polysynaptic reflex arc?

A

Pathway in which signals travel over many synapses on their way to the muscle

38
Q

What is the crossed extension reflex?

A

Contraction of extensor muscles in limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn

39
Q

What does the crossed extension reflex do?

A

Maintains balance by extending other leg

40
Q

What type of reflex arc does the flexor reflex use?

A

Ipsilateral reflex arc (stimulus and response on same side)

41
Q

What type of reflex arc does the crossed extension reflex use?

A

Contralateral reflex arc (input and output are on opposite sides)

42
Q

What is the intersegmental reflex?

A

One in which the input and output occur at different levels (segments) of the spinal cord

43
Q

What is an example of intersegmental reflex?

A

Pain in foot causes contraction of abdominal muscles

44
Q

What are ascending tracts?

A

Ascending tracts carry’s sensory signals up the spinal cord

45
Q

What are the different ascending tracts?

A
  • gracile fasciculus
  • cuneate fasciculus
  • spinothalamic tract
  • spinoreticular tract
  • posterior (dorsal) and anterior (central) spinocerebellar tract
46
Q

What is the function of the gracile fasciculus?

A

Carries signals for vibration, visceral pain, deep and discriminative touch, and proprioception from lower limbs and lower trunk

47
Q

Where does the gracile fasciculus terminate?

A

Terminates at gracile nucleus of medulla oblongata

48
Q

What is the function of the cuneate fasciculus?

A

Contains first order neurons carrying the same type of sensory signals as the gracile fasciculus; its signals are from upper limb and chest

49
Q

Where does the cuneate fasciculus terminate?

A

Fibers end in cuneate nucleus of ipsilateral medulla oblongata

50
Q

What do the second order neurons of gracile and cuneate nuclei decussate and form?

A

Medial lemniscus- a tract leading to thalamus

51
Q

Where do the third neurons of the cuneate fasciculus travel?

A

Third order neurons go from thalamus to cerebral cortex, carrying signals to cerebral hemisphere

52
Q

What is the function of the spinothalmic tract?

A

Carries signals for pain, pressure, temp, light touch, tickle, and itch

53
Q

What system is the spinothalamic tract part of?

A

Anterolateral system that passes up the anterior and lateral funiculi of the spinal cord

54
Q

What is the spinothalmic tract made up of?

A

Axons of second-order neurons

55
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellar tract?

A

Carry proprioceptive signals from limbs and trunk up to the cerebellum

56
Q

Where do sensory (ascending tract) signals travel across?

A

Sensory signals travel across three neurons from origin (receptors) to destinations in the sensory areas of the brain

  • first-order neuron
  • second-order neuron
  • third-order neuron
57
Q

In the ascending tracts what are the first-order neurons?

A

Detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem

58
Q

In the ascending tract what are the second-order neurons?

A

Continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem

59
Q

In the ascending tract what are the third-order neurons?

A

Carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

60
Q

What is the break down of the central nervous system?

A
  • brain

- spinal cord

61
Q

What is the break down of the peripheral nervous system?

A 
Sensory division 
-visceral sensory division 
-somatic sensory division 
Motor division 
-visceral motor division 
       -sympathetic division
       -parasympathetic division 
-somatic motor division
62
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

A motor nervous system that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

63
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system also called?

A

Visceral motor system

64
Q

What are the primary organs of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • viscera of thoracic and abdominal cavities
  • some structures of the body wall
    - cutaneous blood vessels
    - sweat glands
    - arrector muscles
65
Q

Functions of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • prepares body for physical activity: exercise, trauma, arousal, competition, anger, or fear “fight-or-flight”
  • increases heart rate, BP, airflow, blood glucose levels, etc; reduces blood flow to the skin and digestive tract
66
Q

Function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • calms many body functions reducing energy expenditure and assists in bodily maintenance; “resting and digesting” state
  • digestion and waste elimination
67
Q

What is acetylcholine (ACh) secreted by?

A

ACh is secreted by all preganglionic neurons in both divisions and by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

68
Q

What are axons that secrete ACh called?

A

Cholinergic fibers

69
Q

What are any receptors that bind to ACh called?

A

Cholinergic receptor

70
Q

What is sulci?

A

Shallow grooves in the brain

*considered valleys

71
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Grooves in the brain that are deep

*known as valleys

72
Q

What is gyri?

A

The ridges of the brain

*known as hills on surface of the brain

Bio252 (5 decks)

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