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bio252 > EXAM3 SENSES > Flashcards

EXAM3 SENSES Flashcards

1
Q

The finger-like projections extending from the neurons cell body that are most frequently the site of stimulation and formation of graded potentials are called _____

A

Dendrites

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2
Q

An ____ axon with a ____ diameter carries electrical impulses the fastest

A

Myelinated; large

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3
Q

What is a sense?

A

When a stimulus activated its specific sensory receptor

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4
Q

How is a stimulus perceived?

A

Depends upon which portions of the brain the signals is being relayed to. The signals finals destination often depends upon multiple sensory signals being sent to the brain.

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5
Q

What is adaption?

A

When the brain or sensory neuron begins to ignore a stimulus that is constantly being activated

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6
Q

What are tonic receptors?

A

Fast adapting type of sensory receptors. They sense a stimuli and then shutdown very quickly.

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7
Q

What is phasic receptor?

A

Slowing adapting receptors. They will usually send a signal as long as they sense the stimuli.

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8
Q

Which adaption receptor is usually good?

A

Phasic receptors are good, helping make certain that a persisting issue is remedied such as thirst and pain

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9
Q

What do sensory receptors perform?

A

Transduction

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10
Q

What is transduction?

A

Process in which sensory receptors will create a grade potential in their associated neurons in response to their specific stimulus

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11
Q

What are the 3 categories receptor types can be placed into?

A
  • free nerve endings
  • encapsulated endings
  • special senses
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12
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

Dendrites do not require help in order to sense

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13
Q

What are encapsulated endings?

A

Structure filled with liquid interlaced with dendrites

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14
Q

What are special senses?

A

Cells that are a part of a sensory organ

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15
Q

What types of sense are free nerve endings often involved in?

A

Somatic senses

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16
Q

What types of stimuli are senses by free nerve ending neurons?

A
  • Nociceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • tickle
  • inflammation
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17
Q

What type of senses are encapsulated endings usually involved in?

A

Somatic senses

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18
Q

What type of senses are encapsulated endings best at sensing?

A

Changes in pressure or vibration

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19
Q

Are special sensory cells simple or complex?

A

The receptors are often complex

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20
Q

How are receptors categorized?

A
  • distribution of receptors
  • location of receptors (origin of stimuli)
  • stimulus type
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21
Q

What are the consciously perceived general senses?

A
  • touch
  • pressure
  • stretch
  • heat
  • cold
  • pain
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22
Q

What are unconsciously perceived general senses?

A
  • blood pressure
  • blood composition
  • stretching of viscera
  • oxygen
  • pH
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23
Q

Examples of unencapsulated endings:

A
  • free nerve endings (pain, heat, cold)
  • tactile discs (light touch, pressure)
  • hair receptors (light touch, movement of hairs)
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24
Q

Examples of encapsulated nerve endings:

A
  • tactile corpuscles (light touch, texture)
  • end bulbs (similar to tactile corpuscles)
  • bulbous corpuscles (heavy continuous touch or pressure; joint movements)
  • lamellar corpuscle (deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration)
  • muscle spindles (muscle stretch (proprioception)
  • tendon organs (tension on tendon (proprioception)
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25
Q

Which special sense does not rely on special cells?

A

Olfaction

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26
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

A
  • olfaction
  • gustatory
  • sight
  • auditory
  • equilibrium
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27
Q

What are the 3 ways to classify a sensory receptor based on their location?

A
  • exteroceptors: receptors that receive outside stimulus
  • interoceptors: receptors located inside, along organs
  • proprioceptors: where are you? Receptors, located in muscles, tendons and joints
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28
Q

What are exteroceptors?

A

Primarily sense stimuli coming from outside. Special senses of sight, smell, and hearing along with the general somatic senses associated with touch

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29
Q

What are interoceptors?

A

Monitor and maintain the homeostatic balance of your body as well as check for stretching, pressure, and damage to internal organs

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30
Q

Example of how roles changed based on position

A

Thermoreceptors sense temp on outside while Thermoreceptors in hypothalamus sense internal body temp

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31
Q

What do free nerve endings sense?

A
  • itch
  • tickle
  • touch
  • thermos
  • pain
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32
Q

What do root hair plexus sense?

A

When hair is moved

33
Q

What does corpuscle of touch (Meissen touch) sense?

A

Onset of touch and low vibrations

34
Q

What do lamellated corpuscles sense?

A

High frequency

35
Q

What do type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Merkel cells) sense?

A

Continuous pressure and touch

36
Q

What do type 2 cutaneous mechanoreceptors sense (ruffing corpuscle) sense?

A

Stretch and stronger pressure based on its location

37
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles:

A
  • medial rectus: rotates eye medially
  • lateral rectus: rotates the eye laterally
  • superior rectus: turns the eye up superiorly
  • inferior rectus: turns the eye inferiorly
38
Q

Two outliers of the eye:

A
  • Superior oblique: turns the eye inferiorly and laterally

- Inferior oblique: turns the eye superiorly and laterally

39
Q

What is the clear portion of the fibrous tunic? It encapsulated the anterior cavity.

A

Cornea

40
Q

What part of the eye is the “whites” of the eyes?

A

Sclera

41
Q

What is the colorful doughnut shaped disc that dilates or constricts depending on how bright or dim the light is?

A

Iris

42
Q

What part of the eye is the black hole that allows light into the posterior chamber of the eye?

A

Pupil

43
Q

What part of the eye is part of the ciliary body, produces the aqueous humor of the anterior chamber?

A

Ciliary processes

44
Q

What part of the eye is part of the ciliary body, and attached to the lens via zonular fibers? Responsible for reshaping the lens so as to bend light differently.

A

Ciliary muscles

45
Q

What part of the eye contains melanin to help absorb any light that may have made it past the special cells that detect light? Also contains the vascular network.

A

Choroid

46
Q

What part of the eye contains aqueous humor, borders the cornea, ciliary body and lens?

A

Anterior cavity

47
Q

What portion of the eye has special sensory cells and their associated neurons?

A

Retina

48
Q

What part of the eye contains vitreous humor? The inner lining of it is the retina.

A

Posterior cavity

49
Q

The accessory structures of the eye include:

A
  • eyebrows
  • eyelashes
  • lacrimal gland
50
Q

What is the order of the layers of the eye from white outer layer to the inner layer?

A
  • fibrous tunic
  • vascular tunic
  • retina
51
Q

What do the rods of the eyes sense?

A

Hues of gray

52
Q

What do the cones of the eyes sense?

A

Color

53
Q

What is myopia?

A

Nearsighted is the result of the lens or cornea being a little to bulgy (conclaves)

54
Q

How to fix myopia (nearsighted)?

A

Put a lens that has a shape of an hourglass (concave) to adapt for the extra bulge

55
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Farsighted is the lens or cornea not bulging enough

56
Q

How to fix hyperopia (farsighted)?

A

Put a lens that bulges (convex) just enough to bend the light a little more

57
Q

How many rods can be linked to a single bipolar neuron?

A

Several rods

58
Q

How many cones can be linked to a single bipolar neuron?

A

Only one

59
Q

What is the good thing about having several rod cells attached to a single neuron?

A

Makes it easy for an action potential to be generated. Making it easier to activate the neurons when light is low.

60
Q

What is the downfall about having several rods to a single neuron?

A

Single bipolar neuron can’t discern which of these receptors stimulated it, making the image not so clear

61
Q

What is good about having only one cone cell attached to a single bipolar neuron?

A

Helps provide precise detail about what is being seen

62
Q

What is the downfall of only having one cone cell attached to a single bipolar neuron?

A

More light needs to be present in order for the neuron to generate an action potential

63
Q

What are the 3 different cone types?

A
  • short-wavelength cones sense blue
  • medium-wavelength cones sense green
  • long-wavelength cones sense a spectrum of yellow to red colors
64
Q

What is the path of light through the eye and into the occipital lobe?

A
  • cornea
  • lens
  • retina
  • optic nerve
  • optic chiasm
  • optic tract
  • thalamus
  • optic radiation
  • occipital lobe
65
Q

What type of stem cells develop into olfactory cells?

A

Basal cells

66
Q

What’s re the 4 forms of papillae?

A
  • fungiform papilla: 5 taste buds each
  • vallate papilla: 100 to 300 taste buds
  • foliate papilla: lose most of these by adulthood. They’re embedded in the walls of its trenches
  • filiform papilla: have tactile receptors giving you the ability to sense texture
67
Q

What are the 5 tastes?

A
  • salt: senses metal ions with Na eliciting very strong salt flavor
  • sour: eating something acidic (H+ ions)
  • sweet: sense mono and disaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose
  • bitter: indicates opposite of sour (alkaline) but could also indicate poisons
  • umami: savory ( sense amino acids especially glutamate)
68
Q

What tastes enter into cell?

A
  • salty

- sour

69
Q

What tastes interact with receptors on outside?

A
  • sweet
  • bitter
  • umami
70
Q

What cranial nerves carry gustatory sensations to the thalamus?

A
  • facial nerve (innervates the taste buds in from 2/3 of the tongue)
  • glossopharyngeal nerve (innervates the back third of the tongue)
  • vagus nerve (innervates the gustatory receptors in the throat and on the epiglottis)
71
Q

Which hemisphere is the primary gustatory area located?

A

Insula

72
Q

What is responsible for sensing 100% of what we hear?

A

Inner hair cells

73
Q

What are the structures of balance in the ear?

A
  • utricle
  • cochlear duct
  • saccule
  • ampulla
  • head of snail
74
Q

What are the structures of hearing in the ear?

A
  • scalp vestibuli
  • basilar membrane
  • cochlear duct
  • scalp tympani
  • snail shell
75
Q

What structures and liquids are part of the body labyrinth?

A
  • scalp tympani
  • scalp vestibuli
  • perilymph
76
Q

What structures and fluids are part of the membranous labyrinth?

A
  • ampulla
  • saccule
  • utricle
  • endolymph
  • cochlear duct
77
Q

How do proprioreceptors differ from the receptors of the special sense? Equilibrium in that…

A

Proprioceptors are located in the muscles, tendons and joints while the sensory receptors for equilibrium are located in the inner ear

78
Q

What gelatinous membrane are the hair cells in the ampulla embedded in to sense rotation acceleration?

A

Crista Ampullaris

79
Q

What membranes do the utricle and saccule have to sense linear acceleration?

A

Kinocilium

bio252 (5 decks)

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