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Drugs and Society > Exam2 Part5 Ch.4 > Flashcards

Exam2 Part5 Ch.4 Flashcards

Downers: Opiates and Opioids (71 cards)

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1
Q

Unlike stimulants, downers (depressants):

A

depress functioning of the Central Nervous System

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2
Q

General physical effect of downers are:

A

Sedation
Muscle relaxation
Drowsiness
Coma, if the dose is high enough

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3
Q

Mental effects if downers:

A

Disinhibition of impulse and emotions

Euphoria due to reduction of anxiety and emotional distress

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4
Q

The three major classes of depressant drugs are:

A

Opiates/Opioids
Sedative-hypnotics
Alcohol

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5
Q

these are drugs that are refined from raw opium

A

Opiates

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6
Q

this is the milky fluid of the unripe seed pod of the ____ ____ (papaver )

A

Opium

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7
Q

What are the major opiates found in opium?

A

morphine

codeine

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8
Q

these are chemical variations of morphine and codeine

A

Semi-synthetic Opiates

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9
Q

What are some Semi-synthetic opiates:

A

Diacetymorphine (Heroin)
Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
Oxycodone(Oxycontin)
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)

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10
Q

These are fully synthetic drugs:

A

opioids

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11
Q

What are some fully synthetic opioids:

A

methadone (Dolophine)
Meperidine (Demerol)
propoxyphene (Darvon)
fentanyl (sublimaze)

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12
Q

The opium poppy was first cultivated in

A

Ancient Mesopotamia

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13
Q

The opium poppy in 3400 BC was used as:

A

a cure-all medicine, a source of pleasure, and a poison.

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14
Q

how was opium used as an oral ingestion?

A

was chewed, eaten, or mixed with liquids and swallowed to induce drowsiness and to cure illness

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15
Q

Smoking opium in what century did explorers and traders introduce the pipe to Europe and Asia?

A

16th cent.

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16
Q

the non medical use of opium became wide spread, especially in _____

A

China

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17
Q

An epidemic abuse lead to China: blocking its ports from English trading ships selling opium this was called the:

A

Opium wars, 1839-1842 and 1856-1860

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18
Q

These people brought in to build railroads introduced opium smoking to the US

A

Chinese workers

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19
Q

in _____ morphine was isolated form opium

A

1805

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20
Q

in 1874 chemists altered the morphine molecule to produce

A

heroine (diacetylmorphine)

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21
Q

_____ is more fate soluble than morphine.

A

Heroine

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22
Q

bc heroine is more fat salable than morphine it there means that

A

heroine crosses the bold-brain barrier more quickly and causes a rapid mood change

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23
Q

The injection of morphine came with the development of what?

This made morphine’s effect…

A

the hypodermic needle (1853)

even more potent and more addicting

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24
Q

In the 1800s, hundreds of what were available?

A

OPIUM-LACED TONICS AND MEDICINES

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25
If ____ is sufficiently pure, users can get high by ______ it
heroine | snorting
26
In the twentieth century and government regulation: Casual non medical opiate use became illegal by the
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
27
The US consumes only __% of the world supply of heroin
3%
28
In 2006, _______ grew 92% of the world's _____, which is then processed to _____
Afganistan opium heroin
29
Physicians prescribe opioids to:
deaden pain control coughing stop diarrhea
30
this is the neurotransmitter released by neurons in spinal cord pain pathways to signal tissue damage.
pain Substance P
31
During intense pain, specific neurons release ____ and _____ that block the release of Substance P and dampen pain sensation
endorphines and enkephalins
32
These are called our brain's natural pain killers
endorphines
33
Opiate and Opioid drugs are able to bind and activate endorphin receptors, and thus:
mimic our natural pain reduction system
34
Endorphines also dampen _______ such as fear and anxiety, and produce a ____ ____ _____
mental pain | calm and detached mood
35
Opioid drugs increase activity in the brain's ____/____ pathway which can produce a state euphoria in people prone to addiction
reward/pleasure
36
Opioids also cause _____ suppression
cough suppression
37
in cough suppression, opioids do what that control the cough reflex, TF what happens
bind to receptors in the brain stem | coughing is reduced
38
Physical side effects of opioid drugs:
``` constipation pupil constriction drooping eyelids relaxed muscle tone dry, itchy skin vomiting ```
39
When is comes to tolerance of opioid drugs, people seeking mental effect such as euphoria, might need ____ times their original dosage, after how long of regular use?
10 | a month
40
WHen does withdrawal from opioids occur? | and what does it feel like
WHen a person abruptly stops taking a drug after continuous, high does use feels like a bad case of the flu
41
What are Opioids withdrawal symptoms?
``` fever, chills, goose bumps Intestinal cramps and diarrhea Bone and Joint pain Muscle cramps insomnia and of course intense craving ```
42
SHort acting drugs. like ____ and _____ produces the sudden onset of severe symptoms which begin ___ to ___ hours after the last does and peal within 48 hours
heroine and morphine | 8-10
43
Neonatal problems with heroine use: 1. ) pregnant addicts have a higher risk for____,______,____ and_____ 2. )If the fetus becomes ____ ____ for heroine, birth suddenly cuts the newborn's drug supply and ________ ______ appear.
1.) miscarriage, placental separation, premature labor and still births 2.) tissue dependent withdrawal symptoms appear
44
Overdose: | each year how many people die from opioid overdose?
4,000 to 5,000
45
What is the major cause of overdose death with opioids?
Sever respiratory depression
46
What are some of the symptoms of opioid overdose?
Blue lips and pale bluish skin Slow shallow breaths with fluid rattles of gasps Very constricted pupils that look like pin pricks Skin fees cold and clammy
47
When an overdose occurs what should one do?
immediate CPR is needed and an injection of an opioid receptor antagonist (naloxon/Narcan)
48
Dirty shared needles can cause ______ ____ and ___, the virus that causes ____
Hepatits B or C HIV AIDS
49
From 50% to 90% of needle using heroin addicts carry ____ __
Hepatitis C
50
____ ____ of IV users carry ____ which can spread to their sexual partners
over half | HIV
51
A majority of ___% of heroine user have ___-____ jobs
79% | full-time
52
60% of the cost os covered by ____ and ____ __ and 40% by ___ and _____
prostitution and drug dealing | shoplifting and burglary
53
This use is a world wide problem
Heroin (diacetylmorphine)
54
The largest sources of illegal opium and heroin is?
Afganistan
55
This is the largest grower of opium for ____ ____ purposes
India | legal medical
56
Types of heroin include:
China white | Persian brown
57
Since the 40s ___ has been the largest supplier to the US of "______"___ which is often smoked
Mexico | black tar heroin
58
_____ is not as strong as morphine
Codeine
59
Codeine is generally used for a
relief of moderate pain or to control coughs
60
_____ is refined from opium
morphine
61
this is the standard for pain relief measurement
morphine
62
This is a long-lasting opioid which is taken orally to reduce heroine craving and reduce withdrawal symptoms
Methadone (Dolophine)
63
This is a semi-synthetic opioid refined from morphine, It is 8 times more potent than morphine
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
64
A time release form of oxycodone
Oxycontin
65
today this is the most abused oral pain reliever
Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
66
A short-acting opioid, usually injected
Meperidine (Demerol)
67
An opioid prescribed for mild to moderate pain, especially by dentists
Propoxyphene (Darvon)
68
The most powerful pain killer available
Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
69
Fentanyl (Sublimaze) is ___ to ___ times stronger than morphine.
50 to 100
70
this is Designer Heroine street version of fentanyl known as "____ ___"
China white
71
This is an opiod receptor antagonists which block the effects of opiods and can be used to revers a heroin overdose or discourage relapse.
Naloxone

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