EXAMEN FINAL CONCEPTS Flashcards by Seth Walden '25

Uses of ser

Nationality
Profession
Characteristics
Generalizations
Possessions
Material of composition
Time
Where or when an event is

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Uses of estar

Location
Health
Physical and emotional states

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-ar preterite

é, aste, ó, amos, asteis, aron

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-er/-ir preterite

í, iste, ió, imos, isteis, ieron

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-ar imperfect

aba, abas, aba, ábamos, abais, aban

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-er/-ir imperfect

ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían

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uses of the preterite

completed actions, beginning or end of an action, series of past events

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-ar subjunctive

e, es, e, emos, éis, en

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-er/-ir subjunctive

a, as, a, amos, áis, an

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dar subjunctive

dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den

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estar subjunctive

esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén

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ir subjunctive

vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayaís, vayan

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saber subjunctive

sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepais, sepan

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ser subjunctive

sea, seas, sea, seamos, seais, sean

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subjunctive uses (WEIRD)

Will
Emotion
Influence (Impersonal expression) Recommendations
Doubt/Desire/Denial

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formal mandatos

3rd person subjunctive

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informal mandatos

positive: 3rd person indicative
negative: 2nd person subjunctive

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uses of para

destination, deadline, goal, purpose, recipient, comparison, employment

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uses of por

motion
duration
reason
object of search
means by which
exchange
unit
agent

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When are conjunctions followed by the subjunctive?

When they introduce actions or states that are uncertain OR when the action of the main clause has not yet occurred

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Conjunctions that require the subjunctive

a menos que, antes (de) que, con tal (de) que, en caso (de) que, para que, sin que

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a menos que

unless

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antes de que

before

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con tal de que

as long as

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en caso de que

in case

para que

so that

sin que

unless

a pesar de que

despite

aunque

although

cuando

when

despues de que

after

en cuanto

as soon as

hasta que

until

luego de que

after

mientras que

while

siempre que

as long as

tan pronto como

as soon as

common dimunitives

-ito/a and -illo/a

what words use -cito/a or -cillo/a (and -ecito/a or -ecillo/a?)

words that end in -e, -n, or -r (or are one syllable)

common augmentative

-ón/-ona, -ote/-ota, and -azo/-aza

abrir past participle

abierto

cubrir past participle

cubierto

decir past participle

dicho

descubrir

descubierto

escribir past participle

escrito

hacer past participle

hecho

morir past participle

muerto

poner past participle

puesto

resolver past participle

resuelto

romper past participle

roto

ver past participle

visto

volver past participle

vuelto

passive se

used when the agent performing the action is not stated. exs. Se subiran los impuestos; taxes will be raised Se necesita un cajero; an ATM is needed

impersonal se

equivalent to English usage of “one, people, we, you, or there are” exs. Se habla mucho de la crisis; they talk about the crisis a lot Se dice que es mejor prestar que pedir prestado; they say it is better to lend than to borrow Se busca camarero; waiter wanted

se for unexpected events (how to construct?)

Se + indirect object pronoun (me, te, le, nos, os, les) + verb + subject ex. Se me acabó el dinero; I ran out of money

present time expressions with hacer

hace + [period of time] + que + [verb in PRESENT] Hace tres semanas que busco trabajo I’ve been looking for work for three weeks

preterite time expressions with hacer

hace + [period of time] + que + [verb in PRETERITE] Hace seis meses que fueron a Bolivia They went to Bolivia six months ago

imperfect time expressions with hacer

hacía + [period of time] + que + [verb in IMPERFECT] Hacía treinta años que trabajaba cuando por fin se jubiló He had been working for thirty years when he finally retired.

acabar (with se)

to run out of

caer with se

to drop

ocurrir with se

to occur

dañar with se

to damage

olvidar with se

to forget

perdir with se

to lose

quedar with se

to leave behind

romper with se

to break

How to form el pluscuamperfecto (past perfect)

había + past participle habías + past participle había + past participle habíamos + past participle habíais + past participle habían + past participle ex. había roto

Pluscuamperfecto use

Events that have already happened; ex. Cuando por fin les dieron la patente, otros ingenieros ya habían inventado una tecnologia mejor When they finally were given the patent, other engineers HAD ALREADY INVENTED a better technology

How to form el pluscuamperfecto del subjuntivo (past perfect subjunctive)

hubiera + past participle hubieras + past participle hubiera + past participle hubiéramos + past participle hubierais + past participle hubieran + past participle ex. hubiera roto

Pluscuamperfecto del subjuntivo use

Events that already happened but subjunctive; ex. A Abel le disgusta que el clon hubiera escrito mejor que él. Abel was upset that the clone HAD WRITTEN better than him.

hacia (movement)

towards, to

hacia (time)

approximately, around, about, toward

a uses

with specific people or pets (except when nadie, alguine, ninguno/a, alguno/a)

how to form future perfect

future haber + past participle (ex. habrá ganado)

future forms of haber

habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán

future perfect use

explain something that will have happened; ex. para el mes que viene, ya se habrá estrenado la pelicula; by next month, the movie will have already been released

how to form conditional perfect

conditional haber + past participle (ex. habría ganado)

conditional forms of haber

habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían

conditional perfect use

express something that would have happened but did not

si clauses hypothetical statements, possible event

present tense verb, present or future or voy a + or command

si clauses hypothetical statements, unlikely event

past subjunctive, conditional ex. si tuvieramos boletos, iríamos al concierto

si clauses hypothetical statements about the past

past perfect subjunctive, conditional perfect ex. si no me hubiera lastimado el pie, habria ganado la carrera

si clauses habitual conditional past actions

imperfect, imperfect ex. Si milena tenía tiempo libre, siempre iba a la playa

dado que

since

por lo tanto

therefore

How to form passive voice

recipient = subject, ser + past participle, por + agent

EXAMEN FINAL CONCEPTS Flashcards

(86 cards)