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exammistrerm Flashcards

1
Q

Give 3 examples of areas of study that benefit from GIS

A

City and Regional Planning
Hydrologic Modeling
Security
Geotechnical Engineering
Transportation
Marketing
Real Estate
Business
Politics
Environmental Studies

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2
Q

discrete vs continuous data

A

discrete objects: objects exist in a defined location
continuous: data exist everywhere

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3
Q

What is the kind of data that exists in a defined location?

A

discrete

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4
Q

Define discrete data and give two examples

A

Discrete data are objects in the real world with specific locations or boundaries. Examples include houses, cities, roads, countries, canoe shelter locations

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5
Q

What is the name for data that exists anywhere?

A

Continuous

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6
Q

Canoe shelter locations is an example of what kind of data?

A

Discrete

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7
Q

Define continuous data and give two examples

A

Continuous data represent quantities that may be measured anywhere on the earth. Two examples include temperature or elevation

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8
Q

An elevation raster is an example of what kind of data?

A

continuous

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9
Q

What are stored map objects?

A

features

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10
Q

What are features and what three basic shapes do they consist of? Give an example of a feature

A

A spatial object composed of one or more XY pairs and having one or more attributes in a single record of an associated table. Features can be lines polygons or points.
Examples of features include a point feature representing a well or weather station, a line feature representing linear object like a rotor River, a polygon feature representing a closed area like a country or state

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11
Q

What is a collection of similar features with the same attributes stored together in a spatial data file, like states or rivers?

A

feature class

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12
Q

What is a feature class and give an example

A

A set of similar features stored together for example a United States feature class comprising of the 50 states

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13
Q

___ is a a set of similar objects with the same attributes stored together in a spatial data file

A

feature class

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14
Q

In the ____ model, Spatial features linked to table by unique identifier (FID or OID)

A

vector

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15
Q

What is the vector model

A

A spatial data storage method in which features are represented by one or more pairs of XY coordinate values forming points lines or polygons

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16
Q

In the ____ model, Geographic space is quantized into uniformly-sized discrete units, called pixels or cells

A

raster model

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17
Q

What is a raster

A

A data set composed of an array of numeric values each of which represents the condition in a square element of ground

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18
Q

Name at least two strengths of the vector model:

A

Can store individual features such as roads or streams with a high degree of precision
Linked attribute table provides capability to store and manipulate feature attributes
Suitable for mapmaking due to great feature detail
Ideal for network modeling

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19
Q

What is a weakness of the vector model?

A

Poorly suited to map continuous data
Some analysis can be time consuming (updating county level parcel data)

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20
Q

_______ is the ratio of distance on the map to distance on the ground

A

map scale

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21
Q

A ____ scale map covers a larger geographic region such as the world

A

small

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22
Q

a ___ scale map covers a relatively small geographic area

A

large

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23
Q

Does a small-scale map cover a large or small geographic area?

A

large

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24
Q

Does a large-scale map cover a large or small geographic area?

A

small

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25
Q

A ___ scale map is one in which the ratio is large

A

large. Thus, a 1:24,000 scale map has a larger scale
than a 1:100,000 scale map. A large-scale map shows a relatively small
area, such as a city, whereas small-scale maps show bigger areas, such
as states or countries.

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26
Q

______ describes how closely the x-y values of a data
set correspond to the actual locations on the earth’s surface.

A

Geometric accuracy

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27
Q

What is geometric accuracy and give an example of when geometric accuracy might be compromised

A

Accuracy that describes how closely the XY values of the data set correspond to the actual locations on the Earth’s surface. Maps derived from aerial photography can vary wildly in geometric accuracy based on factors such as image scale, resolution, imperfections and distortions in the imaging system, and corrections applied to the image.

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28
Q

______ refers to how accurate the attributes stored in the table are to real life

A

Thematic accuracy

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29
Q

What is thematic accuracy. Give an example of when thematic accuracy might be compromised

A

The degree to which attribute values represent the true properties in the real world.
Population data can never be 100% thematically accurate because it is collected through process of surveying and self reporting over many months during that time people are born and die or move.

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

What is logical consistency. Give at least two examples of logical consistency.

A

It evaluates whether a data model or data set accurately represents the real-world deletion ships between features.
In the real world, to adjacent states share a common boundary that is exactly the same in a database however the states might be stored as two separate features with slightly different boundaries.
Lines representing streets should connect if the roads they represent meet. Counties should not extend past the boundary of their states.

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32
Q

____ stores information about the
data set, such as where it came from, how it was developed, who
assembled it, how precise it is, and whether it can be given to another
person.

A

metadata

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33
Q

What is metadata

A

Stores information about the data set such as where it came from how it was developed who assembled it how precise it is and whether it can be given to another person

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34
Q

What is information about map features stored in columns of a
table?

A

attributes

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35
Q

What are attributes? Give at least two examples of possible attributes were a state feature

A

information about map features stored in columns of a table
examples include a states name, abbreviation, population, area, etc.

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36
Q

___ evaluates whether a data model or data set accurately represents the real-world relationships between features.

A

logical consistency

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37
Q

What is a database?

A

a data construct designed to store information as tables

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38
Q

____ is the analysis of spatial data layers, such as dissolving, intersecting, and merging

A

geoprocessing

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39
Q

What is geoprocessing

A

the analysis of spatial data layers, such as dissolving, intersecting, and merging

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40
Q

What is a spatial data layer that is tied to a specific location on the earth’s surface for display with other data?

A

georeferenced data

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41
Q

What is georeferenced data?

A

a spatial data layer that is tied to a specific location on
the earth’s surface for display with other data

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42
Q

____ is information stored about data to document their source,
history, management, uses, and more

A

metadata

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43
Q

What is metadata?

A

information stored about data to document their source,
history, management, uses, and more

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44
Q

Thematic accuracy is not related to data location

A

T
Thematic accuracy is related to the accuracy of the attributes. Geometric accuracy is related to a feature’s location

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45
Q

T or F
Logical consistency assesses how well data represents real-world relationships

A

T
For example, do roads connect at intersections? Do county and state boundaries align?

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46
Q

When GIS servers provide data over the internet (streaming data), this is an example of a

A

map service

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47
Q

Match the data type with the map type

Nominal
Numeric (Interval and Ratio)
Categorical

Single Symbol
Graduated Symbol and Graduated Color
Unique Values

A

Nominal-single symbol
Categorical-unique values
numeric-graduated symbol

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48
Q

T or F
Data or Numeric Classification applies only to vector data

A

F
Correct. Data or Numeric Classification applies to vector and raster data. Numeric raster data can be classified (elevation ranges)

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49
Q

Quantile classification puts the same number of features into each class

A

T

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50
Q

MAUP stands for

A

Modifiable Areal Unit Problem

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51
Q

In an attribute table, dividing each value by the total of all the values is another way to _____________ data

A

normalize

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52
Q

____ maps are used for nominal data

A

Single symbol

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53
Q

___ maps are used for categorical and ordinal data

A

unique values

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54
Q

Many types of maps are used for ___ data

A

numeric

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55
Q

Give an example of a type of map used for numeric data

A

Graduated color maps.
Graduated symbol maps.
Dot density maps.
Chart maps

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56
Q

What map types can a thematic map uise?

A

unique value, graduate colors or symbols, dot density, charts)

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57
Q

Unique values maps are used for _____ and ____ data

A

categorical and ordinal

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58
Q

Single symbol maps are used for ____ data

A

nominal

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59
Q

____ maps are used for numeric data

A

many (graduated color/symbol, dot density, charts)

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60
Q

What is nominal data?

A

Data that names or uniquely identifies objects

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61
Q

Give an example of nominal data

A

country names, capital cities, rivers, water bodies

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62
Q

How are nominal data usually portrayed?

A

single symbol map

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63
Q

What is categorical data and give an example.

A

Data where features belong to categories.
Rock types, volcano types, highway classes, land cover class

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64
Q

What kind of map is used to portray categorical data?

A

unique values map

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65
Q

What is ordinal data and give an example

A

a type of categorical data where the categories are ranked along a scale.
ex. Tree Planting Potential:
(0) Unsuitable
(1) Marginal
(2) Acceptable
(3) ideal

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66
Q

Country names (labelled)
Capital Cities (stars)
Rivers (labelled)
Water bodies

This is an example of what kind of data?

A

nominal data

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67
Q

What kind of map is used for ordinal data?

A

a unique values map with a single-hue color scheme

68
Q

What is numeric interval data & give an example.

A

numeric data that places values along a regular numeric scale. It includes negative numbers.
elevation along the Georgia Coast (includes below sea level), temperature, population change

69
Q

What is the only kind of numeric value that can have negative values?

A

interval numeric data

70
Q

What is Numeric ratio data? give an example

A

data places values along a regular scale with a meaningful zero point (no negative values)
Population of state capitals.

71
Q

What kind of numeric data cannot be negative?

A

ratio data

72
Q

What method of classifying data uses Jenks Optimization method?

A

Jenks Natural Breaks classification

73
Q

What is Jenks Natural Breaks classification?

A

a way to classify numeric data into ranges defined by
naturally occurring gaps in the data histogram

74
Q

What method of classifying data produces equal sized classes?

A

Defined interval or equal interval classification

75
Q

What is defined interval classification?

A

a classification method in which the user specifies a
size range for all the classes

76
Q

The ____ classification puts the same number of features in each class (linear data distribution)

A

quantile

77
Q

What is quantile classification?

A

a classification method that divides the data into the
specified number of quantiles so that each class has the same number of features

78
Q

The _____ classification compares values close to and far from the mean (always show mean and std on map

A

standard deviation

79
Q

What is standard deviation classification?

A

a classification scheme in which the class breaks
are based on the standard deviation values of the data being mapped

80
Q

______ rasters use unique values or discrete color display

A

Categorical/ordinal

81
Q

Categorical/ordinal rasters use _____ or ______ display

A

unique values, discrete color

82
Q

__________ rasters use classified or stretched display methods

A

Interval/ratio (quantities)

83
Q

Interval/ratio (quantities) rasters use _____ or ______display methods

A

classified, stretched

84
Q

____ data name things or uniquely identify them and may be
text or numbers.

A

nominal

85
Q

______ data group objects into smaller sets identified by a
unique value.

A

Categorical

86
Q

_______data consist of categories that are ranked in some
way.

A

Ordinal

87
Q

_____data are measured on a regular scale, and data are measured on a regular scale with a meaningful zero point.

A

Interval, ratio

88
Q

Discrete thematic rasters can be displayed using what method?

A

unique values method

89
Q

What rasters may be classified or stretched?

A

Continuous thematic

90
Q

What kind of data that place objects into unranked groups?

A

categorical data

91
Q

land use and geology data are examples of what kind of data?

A

categorical

92
Q

What is classification?

A

assigning features to two or more groups based on
numeric values in an attribute field

93
Q

a classification method that bases the class
intervals on a geometric series in which each class is multiplied by a
constant coefficient to produce the next higher class

A

geometric interval

94
Q

What is geometric interval classification?

A

a classification method that bases the class
intervals on a geometric series in which each class is multiplied by a constant coefficient to produce the next higher class

95
Q

T or F
Geographic coordinate systems are based on spherical coordinates and measured in latitude and longitude

A

T

96
Q

T or F
A geoid shifts the ellipsoid relative to the datum to achieve a best fit between the two

A

F
A datum shifts the ellipsoid relative to the geoid to achieve a best fit between the two

97
Q

Three Types of Projections are _____ , ____, and ______.

A

Azimuthal, cylindrical, conic

98
Q

Projections all distort one or more properties of
______ , ______, _______, and ________

A

distance, direction, shape, area

99
Q

T or F
UTM coordinate system breaks the world up into 6 zones of 60 degrees each

A

F
UTM coordinate system breaks the world up into 60 zones of 6 degrees each

100
Q

Match the type of coordinate system to the definition:
Unprojected
Projected
Based on spherical coordinates
Converts spherical coordinates to planar coordinates

A

Unprojected (geographic)- Based on spherical coordinates
Projected- Converts spherical

101
Q

What is a datum

A

shifts the ellipsoid relative to the geoid to achieve a best fit between the two.

102
Q

what is a projection?

A

a mathematical conversion of points on the earth’s surface to a flat plane (map)

103
Q

a common coordinate system for large-scale maps is?

A

UTM coordinate system, state plane CS

104
Q

What is the Spatial Reference

A

Proper alignment of data sets requires that each one have a label that records the complete coordinate system parameters
This label is called the spatial reference

105
Q

What is the Project tool?

A

used to permanently convert a data set from one coordinate system to another

106
Q

________creates a new data set in the new coordinate system

A

projection

107
Q

What is the Define Projection tool?

A

Create the missing label for the true coordinate system of a map with the tool

108
Q

what tool Use only when CS is missing or incorrect?

A

define projection

109
Q

What tool should be used when changing a CS permanently?

A

project tool

110
Q

What tool is use to assemble collections of data with the same stored CS.

A

project tool

111
Q

What is the extent?

A

he range of x-y coordinates of the features actually in the feature class displayed in a map or stored in a data layer

112
Q

Values between +180
and –180 indicate an ______GCS coordinate system with map
units in degrees, whereas large values indicate a ______ coordinate
system with units of feet or meters.

A

unprojected, projected

113
Q

What is the x-y precision in the spatial referencfe?

A

resolution

114
Q

Two types of vector data formats are _____and ____

A

geodatabase and shapefiles

115
Q

Choose all possible answers - which methods are used to extract or subset data from a dataset?

queries
manual selection
project
clip

A

manual selection, clip

116
Q

T or F
Streaming data or GIS web services are datasets stored on your local computer

A

F

117
Q

T or F
Shapefiles consist of more than one file

A

T
Shapefiles consist of, at minimum, a .shp, .dbf, and .shx

118
Q

A _______can be a point, line, or polygon and represent an vector object or location on a map

A

feature

119
Q

What is a feature dataset?

A

stores feature classes that have the same coordinate system and the same spatial extent

120
Q

what is a feature class and give an example

A

a homogeneous collections of features with a common spatial representation and set of attributes stored in a database table, for example, a line feature class representing road centerlines.

121
Q

what is a geodatabase

A

A geodatabase is the native data structure for ArcGIS and is the primary data format used for editing and data management.

122
Q

What corresponds to or can be represented by a shapefile?

A

feature class

123
Q

What is a collection of related feature classes that share a common coordinate system

A

Feature Dataset:

124
Q

What is the difference between a feature class and a feature dataset?

A

A feature class is collection of common features, each having the same spatial representation—such as points, lines, or polygons—and a common set of attribute columns. A feature dataset is a collection of related feature classes that share a common coordinate system

125
Q

_____ are used to extract data using an expression based on an attribute field

A

Queries

126
Q

What is a query? Give an example

A

an operation to extract records from a database according to a specified set of criteria
an example of attribute query is a population greater than hundred thousand
an example of a spatial query is parcels that are in a floodplain

127
Q

What is the difference between an attribute and spatial query

A

In an attribute query expression is used to find records with values meeting a specified condition
spatial query spatial relationship between two layers is evaluated

128
Q

What do we call the tables rows and columns

A

Rows are called records
columns are called fields or attribute fields

129
Q

What are arithmetic operators and give example

A

Arithmetic operators are part of queries and act on numbers
3+5

130
Q

What are logical operators and give an example

A

Logical operators test conditions in return true or false. They are part of GIS queries.
ex. STATE = NJ, GPA > 3.0

131
Q

_____combines all features from two or more data sets into a single new feature class

A

Merging

132
Q

In what circumstances does merging work best?

A

When two adjacent feature classes have attribute tables with the same fields

133
Q

_____ removes boundaries of features with the same value in the specified attribute field(s)

A

Dissolving

134
Q

Give 3 examples of data types used in ArcGIS

A

shapefiles, tiffs, geodatabases, database connections, layer files, tables, TIN, CAD drawings

135
Q

The blank data model stores features but it also contains information about how the features are spatially related to each other

A

Topological

136
Q

The dimensions of a pixel is the

A

resolution

137
Q

What are the benefits of using the raster model

A

Veterans during certain kinds of data (continuous), better analyzing certain types of data, often faster analysis than vectors, imagery desirable for certain maps

138
Q

What are the drawbacks of the raster data model

A

Coordinate precision is generally lower than the vector model, high precision has high storage costs, cannot store multiple attributes

139
Q

Give one example of a raster type

A

Digital elevation model (DEM), color aerial photograph, land-use categories, scanned topo map or digital raster graphic, arc GIS online base map tile, roads

140
Q

_____ is changing the resolution of a raster, producing a new copy

A

Resampling

141
Q

_______ groups pixels and determines the new value using a statistic

A

Block resampling

142
Q

_______ grabs the value from the old cell that falls at the center of the new cell. It preserves the original value and should always be used with categorical data, or when the original data values need to be preserved. It is the fastest method

A

Nearest neighbor resampling

143
Q

______ calculates a new value from the four cells that fall closest to the center of the new cell. It uses a distance-weighted algorithm based on the old cell centers. It is best used with continuous data such as elevation

A

Bilinear resampling

144
Q

______ calculates a new value from the sixteen cells that fall closest to the center of the new cell. It uses a distance-weighted algorithm based on the old cell centers. It is best used with continuous data such as elevation. It is the most time-consuming method

A

Cubic convolution resampling

145
Q

Give an example of a time when resampling is required in the raster data model

A

When projecting rosters or when analyzing two wrestlers with different resolutions

146
Q

______rasters store values representing measurements or categories and can be analyzed.
______ rasters store color values (like taking a picture of a map) and cannot be analyzed

A

Data, Picture

147
Q

Give an example of a data raster

A

Elevation, aerial imagery, land-use, roads

148
Q

Give an example of a picture Raster

A

Scanned topo map, base map

149
Q

_____is a special value used in some raster formats to indicate absent data

A

NoData

150
Q

______ creates a real-world coordinate system for an image
that lacks one, usually because it is a map picture or scan. A
_______session starts by adding the data with a real-world
coordinate system, the reference layer, first. Then add the image.

A

Georeferencing x2

151
Q

In a table, rows are called ____
and columns are called ____

A

Records, fields

152
Q

T or F
In arc GIS Pro, there are five basic field types for a table

A

F

153
Q

T or F
Tabular joins are permanent

A

F

154
Q

T or F
In a Many to One join, one record in the target or destination table matches many records in the join or source table.

A

F

155
Q

Assuming the target table is on the left, states to cities is an example of which type of cardinality?
1:1
1:M
M:1
M:M

A

M:1

156
Q

What are the two main types of GIS tables

A

Attribute tables and standalone tables

157
Q

___ tables store data associated with aspatial feature class

A

Attribute tables

158
Q

______ tables simply stores tabular data from any source

A

Standalone table

159
Q

The structure of a table, including its fields, their definitions, its domains, and so on, are called the table _____

A

schema

160
Q

Name at least two of the arc GIS field data types

A

Short and long integers, float and double decimal values, text, date

161
Q

Are short and long field data types for integers or decimal values?

A

Integers

162
Q

Are float and double field data types for integers or decimal values

A

Decimal values

163
Q

255 is an example of what field data type?

A

Short

164
Q

156000 is an example of what field data type?

A

Long

165
Q

1.289385e12 is an example of what field data type

A

Float

166
Q

‘John H. Smith’ is an example of what field data type

A

Text

167
Q

07/12/2008 is an example of what field data type

A

Date

GIS (11 decks)

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