examples for long-term memory

Question 1

What are two common symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 1

memory loss and confusion

Question 2

Which of the following best describes anterograde amnesia?

Answer 2

Inability to form new long-term memories after a brain injury

Question 3

Which of the following best illustrates associative memory?

Answer 3

Recalling the name of a person after seeing their face.

Question 4

What is the main function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?

Answer 4

To protect the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream

Question 5

Which of the following best defines “bias”?

Answer 5

A tendency to favor or disfavor something unfairly

Question 6

What is the primary role of Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in the brain?

Answer 6

Involved in synaptic plasticity and memory formation

Question 7

Which of the following best represents causal evidence?

Answer 7

An experiment showing that changes in one variable directly cause changes in another.

Question 8

In classical conditioning, what is the neutral stimulus (NS) paired with to produce a conditioned response (CR)?

Answer 8

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 9

What does cognitive map theory suggest about how individuals navigate their environments?

Answer 9

They form mental representations of spatial layouts.

Question 10

What is a conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning?

Answer 10

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

Question 11

What is a conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning?

Answer 11

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

Question 12

In a classical conditioning experiment, a dog initially salivates when it sees food. A bell is rung just before the food is presented several times. Eventually, the dog begins to salivate when it hears the bell alone.

Answer 12

The bell

Question 13

After suffering a brain injury, John begins telling detailed stories about things that never actually happened. He seems unaware that his memories are false and confidently insists they are true. Which psychological term best describes John’s behavior?

Answer 13

Confabulation

Question 14

A new scientific theory about memory formation is proposed. It aligns well with existing theories about brain plasticity and neural networks. According to the standards of evaluating scientific theories, this alignment is an example of:

Answer 14

Connectivity evidence.

Question 15

Sarah studied for her exam late last night. The next morning, she still feels that she has difficulty recalling some of the information. According to the process of memory consolidation, which of the following best explains why she struggles to recall certain details?

Answer 15

The information is in long-term memory but has not fully stabilized.

Question 16

According to the Constructive Episodic Simulation Hypothesis, when we imagine future events, we are likely to:

Answer 16

Reconstruct elements of past experiences to simulate new scenarios.

Question 17

A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between the number of hours spent studying and academic performance in a group of college students. Based on correlational evidence, which of the following conclusions can be made?

Answer 17

There is a relationship between studying and academic performance, but causality cannot be determined.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the focus of declarative theory in memory research?

Answer 18

Memory consists of explicit, factual knowledge and personal experiences that can be consciously recalled.

Question 19

The default network in the brain is most active during which of the following activities?

Answer 19

Passive rest or daydreaming

Question 20

Dendritic spines are small protrusions found on the dendrites of neurons. Which of the following is a primary function of dendritic spines?

Answer 20

They increase the surface area available for synaptic connections

Question 21

The dentate gyrus is a part of the hippocampal formation in the brain. What is its primary role?

Answer 21

It plays a key role in the formation of new memories and spatial navigation.

Question 22

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that affects gene expression. What is the primary effect of DNA methylation on gene activity?

Answer 22

It generally represses gene transcription by adding methyl groups to DNA.

Question 23

According to dual-process theory, human decision-making involves two types of cognitive processes. Which of the following best describes these two processes?

Answer 23

A) A fast, automatic process (System 1) and a slow, deliberate process (System 2)

Question 24

Which of the following best describes epigenetics?

Answer 24

The study of changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence.

Question 25

Episodic memory is a type of long-term memory. Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

Answer 25

Recalling the events of your last birthday party

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of explicit memory?

Answer 26

Recalling the name of your first-grade teacher.

Question 27

When you encounter a face you’ve seen before but can't remember where or when you saw it, this feeling of recognizing the face without recalling specific details is most likely a result of:

Answer 27

Familiarity

Question 28

According to the principle of functional localization in neuroscience, different regions of the brain are responsible for different tasks. Which of the following brain areas is primarily responsible for language production?

Answer 28

Broca's area

Question 29

Grid cells, found in the entorhinal cortex, play a crucial role in spatial navigation. What is the primary function of grid cells?

Answer 29

They create a mental map of the environment by firing in a regular grid pattern.

Question 30

Which of the following best describes Hebbian learning?

Answer 30

The process by which neurons that fire together, wire together, strengthening their connection.

Question 31

he hippocampal formation is involved in various cognitive functions. Which of the following is a primary function of the hippocampal formation?

Answer 31

Formation of new declarative memories

Question 32

Histone acetylation is an epigenetic modification that affects gene expression. What is the primary effect of histone acetylation on DNA?

Answer 32

It loosens the DNA, making it more accessible for transcription.

Question 33

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

Answer 33

Knowing how to ride a bike without consciously thinking about it.

Question 34

In neuroscience, lesion studies involve examining the effects of brain damage on behavior and cognitive functions. What is one primary advantage of conducting lesion studies?​

Answer 34

They help identify the neural basis of specific cognitive functions by linking brain areas to behaviors.

Question 35

Which of the following best describes long-term depression (LTD) in the context of neuronal activity?

Answer 35

A persistent decrease in synaptic efficacy following low-frequency stimulation.

Question 36

Which of the following best describes long-term potentiation (LTP)?

Answer 36

A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation.

Question 37

Apologies for any confusion earlier. Here's an example question involving the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC):

Answer 37

Regulating emotional responses and decision-making

Question 38

Which of the following structures is primarily involved in the formation of new declarative memories?

Answer 38

Hippocampus

Question 39

Which of the following best describes an example of misattribution?

Answer 39

You hear a catchy song on the radio, and later hum it, but you think it’s a tune you created yourself.

Question 40

In a Morris Water Maze experiment, a rat is placed in a circular pool with a hidden platform submerged just below the water’s surface. Over several trials, the rat learns to swim toward the platform, using visual cues around the pool to guide its navigation. After several days of training, the platform is removed, and the rat is given a probe trial where its movements are observed.

Answer 40

The amount of time the rat spends in the quadrant where the platform was previously located.

Question 41

Which of the following statements aligns with multiple-trace theory?

Answer 41

Each time an experience is encoded, it forms a unique memory trace, and the hippocampus remains involved in retrieving all episodic memories.

Question 42

Which of the following statements about neurogenesis is correct?

Answer 42

The hippocampus is a primary site of adult neurogenesis, contributing to learning and memory functions.​

Question 43

Which of the following statements aligns with the Neuron Doctrine?

Answer 43

Neurons are individual cells that communicate across synapses.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is correct regarding NMDA receptors?

Answer 44

NMDA receptors require both glutamate binding and membrane depolarization to activate, allowing calcium (Ca²⁺) to enter the neuron.

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of habituation, a type of no associative learning?

Answer 45

A person becomes less startled by the sound of a passing train after living near the tracks for several months.

Question 46

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

Answer 46

A child is punished for not doing their homework, which leads to them doing homework more regularly in the future.

Question 47

Which of the following is an example of how optogenetics can be used in neuroscience research?

Answer 47

A scientist uses light to control the firing of specific neurons in the brain to study how different brain regions communicate during decision-making.

Question 48

Which of the following best describes the function of the perirhinal cortex?

Answer 48

The perirhinal cortex is involved in object recognition memory, helping to distinguish familiar objects from novel ones.

Question 49

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of place cells in the hippocampus?

Answer 49

Place cells become active when an animal enters a particular location in its environment, contributing to the formation of spatial memory and navigation.

Question 50

Which of the following best describes a place field in the context of place cells?

Answer 50

A place field is the region of space in an environment where a place cell becomes active, signaling the animal's position within that space.

Question 51

Which of the following is an example of priming in cognitive psychology?

Answer 51

A person quickly recognizes a word after being shown it briefly, even though they weren't consciously aware of it.

Question 52

Which of the following statements best describes prions?

Answer 52

Prions are misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to adopt abnormal shapes, leading to brain diseases.

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of procedural memory?

Answer 53

Riding a bicycle without thinking about the steps involved.

Question 54

Which of the following best describes prospection in cognitive psychology?

Answer 54

The mental process of predicting or planning for future events based on current knowledge and experiences.

Question 55

Which of the following is an example of provoked confabulation?

Answer 55

A person with amnesia recalls a non-existent event from their childhood in response to a question about their past.

Question 56

Which of the following best describes the use of the radial arm maze in animal research?

Answer 56

The radial arm maze is used to study decision-making and spatial memory by testing how animals navigate a maze with multiple arms.

Question 57

Which of the following best describes recollection in memory research?

Answer 57

Recollection refers to the process of retrieving detailed and specific memories, such as the context or time of an event.

Question 58

Retrograde amnesia primarily affects the recall of?

Answer 58

events that occurred before the onset of the amnesia.

Question 59

Damage to the retro splenial cortex (RSC) is MOST strongly associated with which of the following memory and cognitive deficits?

Answer 59

Significant topographical disorientation and retrograde amnesia.

Question 60

Which of the following is a primary benefit of schematic learning?

Answer 60

More efficient processing and understanding of new information by relating it to existing knowledge structures

Question 61

The core cognitive deficit in semantic dementia is primarily characterized by:

Answer 61

A progressive loss of knowledge about the meaning of words, objects, and concepts.

Question 62

Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of sensitization in learning?

Answer 62

An increase in the response to a wide range of stimuli following exposure to an intense or noxious stimulus.

Question 63

A spatial cognitive map is best described as:

Answer 63

A mental representation of the layout of an environment and the relationships between its elements.

Question 64

Spontaneous confabulations are best characterized by:

Answer 64

The production of fabricated or distorted memories that are often held with conviction, even when contradictory evidence is presented, and occur without any immediate external cue.

Question 65

Brain stimulation evidence has primarily revealed insights into:

Answer 65

The functional roles of specific brain areas.

Question 66

Suggestibility in memory refers to:

Answer 66

The influence of leading questions or misinformation on memory recall.

Question 67

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned response (UCR) is:

Answer 67

An innate, automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 68

The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in classical conditioning is a stimulus that:

Answer 68

Automatically triggers an unconditioned response.