Perception Key terms

Question 1

All-or-none –

Answer 1

A principle where a neuron either fires at full strength or not at all.

Question 2

Amacrine cells( Retinal cells)

Answer 2

Retinal cells that help process visual information by connecting different neurons.

Question 3

Anton’s syndrome( I can see)

Answer 3

A condition where blind individuals mistakenly believe they can see.

Question 4

Anton’s syndrome –

Answer 4

A condition where blind individuals mistakenly believe they can see.

Question 5

Area V5( region )

Answer 5

A brain region important for motion perception.

Question 6

Attention

Answer 6

The cognitive process of focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others.

Question 7

Balint’s syndrome( rare disorder)

Answer 7

A rare disorder causing difficulty in perceiving multiple objects at once and in visually guiding hand movements.

Question 8

Binocular rivalry( presented)

Answer 8

When different images are presented to each eye, perception alternates between them.

Question 9

Blindsight(The ability to respond to visual stimuli)

Answer 9

without conscious awareness, often due to V1 damage.

Question 10

Blobs

Answer 10

Color-sensitive regions in the visual cortex involved in processing color information.

Question 11

Center-surround structure

Answer 11

A type of receptive field where the center and surrounding areas respond oppositely to stimuli.

Question 12

Change blindness

Answer 12

Failure to notice large changes in a visual scene.

Question 13

Charles Bonnet syndrome( Visual hallucinations )

Answer 13

in people with significant vision loss.

Question 14

Complex cells( edges and movement)

Answer 14

Visual cortex neurons that detect movement and edges without being sensitive to exact location.

Question 15

Cones( color)

Answer 15

Photoreceptors responsible for color vision and detail in bright light.

Question 16

Contrast enhancement

Answer 16

The visual system’s ability to emphasize differences between light and dark areas.

Question 17

Cornea( transparent)

Answer 17

The transparent front part of the eye that helps focus light.

Question 18

Dorsal stream( where)

Answer 18

The “where” pathway, involved in motion and spatial processing.

Question 19

Feedback loops –

Answer 19

Cycles of information between brain areas that refine perception.

Question 20

Fovea( Central part of the..)

Answer 20

The central part of the retina with the highest visual acuity.

Question 21

Hemineglect( ignore)

Answer 21

A condition where individuals ignore one side of their visual field, often due to parietal lobe damage.

Question 22

Inferotemporal cortex( recognition)

Answer 22

A brain region critical for object recognition.

Question 22

Horizontal cells( integrate and regulate )

Answer 22

Retinal cells that help integrate and regulate signals from photoreceptors.

Question 23

Internal model( past)

Answer 23

The brain’s prediction of sensory input based on past experiences.

Question 24

Iris

Answer 24

The colored part of the eye that controls pupil size.

Question 25

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Answer 25

A relay center in the thalamus that processes visual information from the retina.

Question 26

Lens

Answer 26

The transparent structure in the eye that focuses light onto the retina

Question 27

Loopiness( neural activity)

Answer 27

The recurrence of neural activity across multiple brain regions.

Question 28

Mach bands( optical)

Answer 28

Optical illusions that exaggerate contrast at edges.

Question 29

Magnocellular retinal ganglion cells( detect motion/shapes)

Answer 29

Retinal cells that detect motion and broad shapes but not color.

Question 30

Motion blindness

Answer 30

An inability to perceive movement, often due to V5 damage.

Question 31

Multistable percept( perception alternates)

Answer 31

A phenomenon where perception alternates between different interpretations of an image

Question 32

Nasal hemiretina( inner of the retina/ hemisphere)

Answer 32

The inner half of the retina, where signals cross to the opposite brain hemisphere.

Question 33

Ocular dominance columns( one eye more)

Answer 33

Stripes in the visual cortex that process input from one eye more than the other.

Question 34

Optic chiasm( The point where/hemisperes)

Answer 34

The point where optic nerves partially cross, sending visual information to both hemispheres.

Question 35

Optic nerve

Answer 35

The bundle of axons carrying visual information from the retina to the brain.

Question 36

Optic radiations( LGN to)

Answer 36

Pathways that transmit visual signals from the LGN to the primary visual cortex.

Question 37

Optic tracts( goes through the optic chaism)

Answer 37

Continuations of the optic nerves after they pass through the optic chiasm

Question 38

Orientation tuned( responding to specific)

Answer 38

The property of visual neurons responding to specific edge orientations.

Question 39

Parvocellular retinal ganglion cells( color and fine)

Answer 39

Retinal cells specialized for color and fine detail processing.

Question 40

Perception

Answer 40

The brain’s interpretation of sensory input.

Question 41

Photoreceptors

Answer 41

Light-sensitive cells in the retina (rods and cones).

Question 42

Phototransduction

Answer 42

The process by which light is converted into neural signals.

Question 43

Position invariance( recognize objects)

Answer 43

The ability to recognize objects regardless of their location in the visual field.

Question 44

Primary visual cortex (V1)

Answer 44

The brain area responsible for the first stage of detailed visual processing.

Question 45

Prosopagnosia (face blindness)

Answer 45

A condition where individuals cannot recognize faces.

Question 46

Pupil

Answer 46

The opening in the eye that adjusts to control light entry

Question 47

Receptive field

Answer 47

The area of visual space that a neuron responds to.

Question 48

Recurrence

Answer 48

Repeated neural signaling that helps refine perception.

Question 49

Retina

Answer 49

The light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that detects images

Question 50

Retinal ganglion cells

Answer 50

Neurons that transmit visual information from the retina to the brain.

Question 51

Reverse hierarchy( starts with high-level brain)

Answer 51

A model suggesting perception starts with high-level brain processing before refining details.

Question 52

Rods

Answer 52

Photoreceptors that detect light and dark, important for night vision

Question 53

Scotomas( retinal damage)

Answer 53

Blind spots in the visual field due to brain or retinal damage.

Question 54

Secondary visual cortex (V2)

Answer 54

A brain region involved in further processing visual information from V1.

Question 55

Sensation

Answer 55

The raw detection of stimuli from the environment.

Question 56

Sensory transduction

Answer 56

The process of converting sensory stimuli into neural signals.

Question 57

Simple cells( Visual neurons in V1 )

Answer 57

Visual neurons in V1 that respond to edges and bars in specific orientations.

Question 58

Simultagnosia( Difficulty perceiving multiple)

Answer 58

objects at once, often part of Balint’s syndrome.

Question 59

Sparse coding( few)

Answer 59

A neural representation where only a few neurons respond to a given stimulus.