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Biology > Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in mammals

A

Aveoli

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2
Q

What do aveoli contain

A

Millions of air sacs where gas exchange happens

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3
Q

What are the alveoli adaptations for efficient gas exhange

A

moist lining for dissolving gases, good blood supply-maintains concentration gradient of O2 and CO2, very thin walls-minimising distance gases have to move, bug surface area

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4
Q

How easy it is for an organism to exchange substances with the environment depends on…

A

Its surface area to volume ratio

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5
Q

What does surface area to volume ratio depend on

A

How large the animal is, the larger the animal the smaller is surface area : volume ratio

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6
Q

Equation for area of surface

A

Length x width

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7
Q

Equation for volume

A

Length x width x height

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8
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

Carry O2 from lungs to all cells in the body

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9
Q

What are red blood cells also known as

A

Erythrocytes

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10
Q

What features do erythrocytes contain

A

A biconcave shape-gives it large surface area for absorbing o2, no nucleus-allows more space to carry o2, contains haemoglobin-contains iron,

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11
Q

What do white blood cells do

A

Defend against infection

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12
Q

What are white blood cells aka

A

Phagocytes

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13
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

When phagocytes can change shape to engluf unwelcome microorganisms

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14
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

Produce antibodies and antitoxins to fight pathogens and neutralise toxins

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15
Q

What do arteries do

A

Carry blood away from heart

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16
Q

What do capillaries do

A

Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

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17
Q

What do veins do

A

Carry blood to the heart

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18
Q

What do platelets do

A

Help blood to clot

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19
Q

What are platelets

A

Small fragments of cells that have no nucleus

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20
Q

What is plasma

A

Liquid that carries everything in the blood

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21
Q

What colour is plasma

A

Pale straw-coloured

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22
Q

Why are artery walls thick and elastic

A

Because heart pumps blood out at high pressure

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23
Q

What is the lumen

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A

The hole down the middle of an artery and capillary

24
Q

Why do arteries contain thick layers of muscle

Study These Flashcards
A

To make them strong and elastic fibres help them to spring back

25
Why are capillaries very narrow
So they can squeeze into gaps between cells - means they can carry blood really close to every bodily cell to exchange substances
26
Why do capillaries have permeable walls
To allow substance to easily diffuse in and out
27
Why are capillary cells one cell thick
Increases rate of diffusion by decreasing distance over which it occurs
28
What do capillaries eventually join to form
Veins
29
Why arent veins thick
Becaus the blood is at low pressure
30
Why do veins have a bugger lumen than arteries
To helo blood flow
31
Why do veins have valves
To keep bloodh flowing in the right direction
32
What does cellular respiration release
Energy
33
What is respiration
The transfer of energy from the breakdown of organic compounds (usually glucose)
34
What type of reaction is respiration
Exothermic - releases energy
35
What is the word equation for respiratiom
Gluose + oxygen — carbon dioxide + water
36
Symbol equation for respiration
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) — 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O
37
When is anaerobic respiration used
When doing vigorus exercise, body cant supply enough oxygen to muscles for aerobic respiration so muscles start to anerobicakly respire
38
How does a cramo happen
When glucose is only partially broken down and lactic acid builds up
39
Word equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose — lactic acid
40
Word equation for plants anaerobic respiration
Glucose — ethanol + CO2
41
What is cardiac output
The total volume of blood pumped by a ventricle every minute
42
What is stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle each time it contracts
43
Word equation for cardiac output
Cardiac output (cm(3)min(-1) = Heart rate (beats per min) x stroke volume (cm(3))
44
What does a double circulatory system mean
Heart pumps blood around body in 2 circuits - heart pumps blood deoxygenated blood to lungs - to take in O2
45
What type of system do fish have
Single circulatory system - deoxygenated blood from body goes to heart which pumps it round
46
What are the 4 major chambers of thr heart
Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle
47
What are the 4 major blood vessles in the heart
Vena cave, pulmonary artery, aorta, pulmonary veins
48
What are the steps to how blood is pumped around the body
1) Right atrium recieves deoxygenated blood through the vena cava 2) Deoxygenated blood moves to right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery 3) The left atrium recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary artery 4) Oxygenated blood moves through to left ventricle which pumps it round the whole body vis the aorta
49
Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall and more mucle than the right
To pump blood around the whole body at high pressure
50
What do you measure the rate of reaction with
A respirometer
51
What is the rate of reaction
Measuring amount of CO2 consumed by an organism in a given time
52
What does soda lime do
Absorbs co2 produced
53
What is cellular respiration
An exothermic reaction which occurs continuously in living cells to release energy for metabolic processes including aerobic and anaerobic respiration
54
What are the steps to measuring the rate of respiration using wood lice a water bath and a respirometer
1) add some soda lime granules to 2 test tubes 2) a ball of cotton wool is placed above the soda lime in each tube, woodlice are placed above the cotton wool in one tube, glass beads with the same mass as the woodlice are used in the control tube 3) the respirometer is then set up 4) the syringe is used to set the fluid in the manometer to a known level 5) the apparatus is then left for a set period of time in a water bath set the 15°c 6) during this there will be a decrease in the volume of aid in the tube as the woodlice are using the oxygen to respire, this reduces the pressure in the tube causing the coloured liquid in the manometer to move towards the test tube containing the woodlice 7) the distance moved by the liquid in a given time is measured - used to calculate the volume of oxygen taken in by the woodlice per minute - gives u the rate of respiration e.g. cm(3)min(-1) 8) repeat steps 1-7 with water bath at different temps
55
Why do organisms need to take in oxygen
For aerobic respiration which produces co2 as a waste product
56
Why does an organism need to take up water
Dissolved food molecules and mineral ions diffuse up along with it

Biology (9 decks)

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