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Key Concepts In Biology Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Example of prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria

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2
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

Plant and animal cells, have nucleus, complex and contain their DNA in a nucleus

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3
Q

Function of nucleus

A

To enclose genetic materia

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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

A gel-like substance where chemical reactions take place

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5
Q

What is a cell membrane

A

Controls the molecules that can enter and leave the cells

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6
Q

What are mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration occurs

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7
Q

How much is one order of magnitude?

A

10X

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8
Q

What do plant and animal cells have in common

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane

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9
Q

What do plants have that animals cells dont

A

Chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuole

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10
Q

What are chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll and are sites of photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is a cell wall

A

Made from cellulose, strengthens the cell

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12
Q

What is the vacuole

A

Filled with a fluild called cell sap, helpd give plant its shape

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13
Q

What is differentiation

A

When cells become specialised

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14
Q

What happens during fertilisation

A

The genetic info of the ovum and sperm combine

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15
Q

What are the adaptations of a sperm cell

A

Long tail - allows them to swim to ovum(streamlined), mitochondria - gives them energy to swim, enzymes - allows them to digest their way through the outer layer of the ovum

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16
Q

What is the job of a nerve cell

A

To send electrical impulses around the body

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17
Q

What does an axon do

A

Carries the electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

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18
Q

What is an axon covered in and what does it do

A

Myelin, insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses

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19
Q

What do the ends of axons have

A

Synapses

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20
Q

What are synapses

A

Junctions which allow the impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another

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21
Q

What do dentrites do

A

They increase the surface area so the other nerve cells can connect more easily

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22
Q

Why are muscle cells packed with mitochondria

A

To provide them with energy

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23
Q

What do muscles contain

A

Muscle fibres

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24
Q

What do muscle fibres do

A

Can change the length of the muscle cell, when a muscle cell contracts these protein fibres shorten, decreasing the length of the cell

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25
What do enzymes break down
Big molecules - proteins, lipids, some carbohydrates
26
What do digestive enzymes break down
The food we eat so it can be diegested
27
What are carbohydrates
Enzymes called carbohydrases convert carbohydrates to simple sugars e.g amylase breaks down starch
28
What are proteins
Proteases convert proteins to amino acids
29
What are lipids
Lipases convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
30
How are carbohydrates synthesised
By joining together simple sugars
31
How are proteins synthesised
Joining amino acids
32
How are enzymes synthesised
Catalyse the reactions needed to do this
33
What is the equation for rate of reaction
1000/time
34
What is resolution
How well a microscope distinguishes between 2 points that are close together
35
Higher resolution =…
Clearer image, more detail
36
When were light microscopes invented
1590s
37
How do light microscopes work
Passing light through the specimen
38
What do light microscopes allow us to see
Living cells, nuclei, chloroplasts
39
When was the electrom microscope invented
1930s
40
What do electron microscopes have
Higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes
41
Equation for total magnification
Eye piece lens magnification x objective lens mag.
42
Equation for magnification
Image size/real size
43
What are enzymes
Catalysts produced by living things
44
What is the substrate
The molecule chnaged in the reaction
45
What is the active site
The part the substrate joins to, to catalyse the reaction
46
What is osmosis
The net movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high concentration to low concentration
47
What is a partically permeable membrane
A membrane with small holes in
48
What is diffusion
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
49
What particles does diffusiom happen in
Gases, liquids
50
What can diffuse through cell membranes
Small molecules - glucose, amino acids, water, oxygen
51
What is active transport
The movement of particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient using energy transferred during respiration
52
Equation for percentage change
(Final mass - initial mass / initial mass) x 100
53
What is amylase
An enzyme
54
What does amylase do?
Break down starch to maltose
55
What do u use to detect starch
Iodine
56
What happens to iodine when starch is present
It will change from browny-orange to blue-black
57
What are the control variables in the reaction of effect of pH on enzyme activity
Concentration, volume of amylase solution
58
What does increasing the temperature do
Increases the rate
59
What happens if the temperature gets too hot
Some of the bonds holding the enzymes together break, changing the shape of the enzymes active site = denatured
60
What is the optimum | pH enzymes work at
7
61
What is a enzyme that doesn’t work best at pH7
Pepsin - breaks down proteins in the stomach - pH2
62
What does higher substrate concentration mean
Fast ror
63
Investigating osmosis experiment steps using potato cylinders
1) prepare sucrose solutions of different concentrations from pure water to very concentrated sucrose solution 2) use a cork bored to cut a potato into same sized pieces 3) divide the cylinders into groups of 3 and use a mass balance to measure mass of each group 4) place 1 group in each solution 5) leave potato in solution for about 40 mins 6) remove potato and pat dry gently with paper towel-removes excess water=accurate measurement of final mass 7) weight each group again
64
How to work out percentage change
(Final mass - initial mass / initial mass) x100
65
Units of measure table
Millimetre(mm) x1000>< ÷1000 micrometer(um) x1000>
66
Units of measure in standard form
``` mm = x10(-3)m um = x10(-6)m nm = x10(-9)m pm = x10(-12)m ```
67
Steps on investigating the effect of on pH on enzyme activity
1) Put a drop of iodine solution into every well of a spotting tile 2) Put a beaker of water on a tripod over a Bunsen burner and heat till 35°c 3) Use a syringe to add 3cm(3) of amylase solution and 1cm(3) of a buffer solution with a pH of 5 to a boiling tube, put the boiling tube into the water for 5 mins 4) Use a diff. Syringe to add 3cm(3) of starch solution to boiling tube 5) Immediately mix contents of boiling tube and start stop clock 6) Use continuous sampling, to record how long it takes for the amylase to break down all the starch, use a dripping pipette to drop a bit of solution from boiling tube into some iodine in a well every 10 seconds until the iodine becomes a browny-orange colour 7) Repeat these steps with different pH of buffer solution to see how pH effects time taken for starch to be broken down

Biology (9 decks)

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