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BIOLOGY > Exchange And Transport In Animals - TOPIC 8 > Flashcards

Exchange And Transport In Animals - TOPIC 8 Flashcards

Learn about topic 8

1
Q

what is the need to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of cells

A

cells need oxygen for aerobic respiration which produces carbon dioxide as a waste product and so it needs to leave the cell both by DIFFUSION

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2
Q

what is the need to transport urea out of the body

A

urea is a waste product produced by animals and it diffuses from cells into the blood plasma for removal from the body by the kidneys

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3
Q

volume =

A

length x width x height

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4
Q

area =

A

length x width

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5
Q

why are exchange surfaces needed in multicellular organisms

A

they have a smaller surface area compared to their volume, which makes it difficult to exchange enough substances to supply their entire volume across their outside surface alone

they need it for efficient diffusion

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6
Q

why do multicellular organisms need a transport system

A

to move substances between the exchange surface and the rest of the body

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7
Q

what factors affect the rate of diffusion

A

surface area
concentration gradient
diffusion distance

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8
Q

what is the need to transport urea out of the body

A

urea is a waste product produced by animals and it diffuses from cells into the blood plasma for removal from the body by the kidneys

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9
Q

volume =

A

length x width x height

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10
Q

area =

A

length x width

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11
Q

why are exchange surfaces needed in multicellular organisms

A

they have a smaller surface area compared to their volume, which makes it difficult to exchange enough substances to supply their entire volume across their outside surface alone

they need it for efficient diffusion

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12
Q

why do multicellular organisms need a transport system

A

to move substances between the exchange surface and the rest of the body

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13
Q

how does surface area affect the rate of diffusion

A

the more surface area there is available for molecules to move across, the faster they can get from one side to the other

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14
Q

how does concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion

A

substances diffuse faster if there is a big difference in concentration between the area they are diffusing from and the area they are diffusing to

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15
Q

how does diffusion distance affect the rate of diffusion

A

substances diffuse more quickly when they have not as far to move, so the thinner the exchange surface the shorter the distance substance have to diffuse across it so thew faster the rate of diffusion

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16
Q

what is ficks law

A

rate of diffusion is proportional to :

SA x concentration difference / thickness of membrane

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17
Q

according to Fick’s law, what will happen to the rate of diffusion if the SA doubles

A

rate of diffusion will double

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18
Q

according to Fick’s law, what will happen to the rate of diffusion if the thickness of the membrane halves

A

rate of diffusion will double

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19
Q

what are the adaptations of alveoli which maximise the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

they have an enormous SA

A moist lining for dissolving gases

very thin walls

a good blood supply to maintain the concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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20
Q

what is blood made up of

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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21
Q

what is the function of red blood cells

A

to transport oxygen around the body

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22
Q

what are the adaptations of red blood cells

A

they have a bioconcave disc shape to give them a large SA for absorbing oxygen

they contain haemoglobin which carries the oxygen

they don’t have a nucleus which allows more room for haemoglobin which means they can carry more oxygen

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23
Q

what is the function of white blood cells

A

they help to defend against microorganism s that cause disease

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24
Q

what are phagocytes

A

a type of white blood cell which changes shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms

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25
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

a group of white blood cells that have different functions depending on their type

e.g. B lymphocytes produce antibodies against microorganisms

26
Q

what do platelets do

A

they help the blood to clot at a wound and stops microorganisms from getting in at the wound

27
Q

what does plasma carry

A

RBC and WBC and platelets
glucose
amino acids
carbon dioxide from the organs to the lungs
urea from the liver to the kidney
hormones
proteins
antibodies and antitoxins

28
Q

what does plasma do

A

it carries just about everything in the blood

29
Q

what are the three blood vessels

A

arteries
capillaries
veins

30
Q

what do the arteries do

A

they carry blood away from the heart, towards the organs

31
Q

how is the structure of the arteries related to its function

A

artery walls are strong and elastic as the heart pumps blood at high pressure

they contain thick layers of muscles to make them strong

they have elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back

the walls are thick compared to the size of the lumen

32
Q

what do the capillaries do

A

they carry the blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them and supply food and oxygen to the cells while taking away waste products like CO2

33
Q

how is the structure of the capillaries related to its function

A

they have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out

walls are one cell thick to increase the rate of diffusion

they are very narrow so they can squeeze into gaps between cells

small lumen

34
Q

what do the veins do

A

they carry blood to the heart

35
Q

how is the structure of veins related to its function

A

large lumen to help the blood flow

they have valves to help keep the blood flowing in the right direction to prevent backflow

36
Q

what are the four chambers of the heart

A

the right and left atrium

the right and left ventricle

37
Q

what are the major blood vessels leading into and out of the chambers of the heart

A

vena carva
pulmonary artery
aorta
pulmonary vein

38
Q

where does deoxygenated blood flow

A

through the right side of the heart to the lungs

39
Q

where does oxygenated blood flow

A

through the left side of the heart to the rest of the body

40
Q

how does blood flow through the heart

A
  1. The right atrium of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava.
  2. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein
  3. The atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles
  4. The ventricles contract
  5. Deoxygenated blood moves from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
  6. The oxygenated blood moves from the left ventricle to the whole body via the aorta
41
Q

how is the thickness of the atria walls in the heart related to its function

A

both atria walls are relatively thin as they only need to pump blood a short distance to the ventricles

42
Q

how is the thickness of the ventricles’ chamber walls in the heart related to its function

A

ventricles have to pump blood further so their chamber walls are thicker.

The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the wall of the right ventricles as the left ventricle needs more muscle to pump blood around the whole body at high pressure

43
Q

cardiac output =

A

heart rate x stroke volume

44
Q

what is heart rate

A

the number of beats per minute

45
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle each time it contracts

46
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

an exothermic reaction, which releases energy for metabolic processes, and occurs continuously in every cell of living organisms

47
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

respiration using oxygen

48
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place

A

inside mitochondria

49
Q

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

50
Q

what is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

51
Q

when do you anaerobically respirate

A

when your body cannot supply enough oxygen to your muscles for aerobic respiration

52
Q

what is the work equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose ——> lactic acid

53
Q

how do you measure the rate of respiration (CORE PRACTICAL)

A
  1. Take two test tubes, each containing soda lime granules covered by a wall of wool
  2. Place woodlice on top of the cotton wool in one tube. Add glass beads with the same mass as the woodlice to the control tube
  3. Set up the respirometer, with the water bath set to 15 degrees celsius
  4. Leave the apparatus for 5 minutes
  5. Use the syringe to set the fluid in the manometer to a known level
  6. Leave the apparatus for a set period of time
  7. In this time, there will be a decrease in the volume of air in the test tube with woodlice as they use up oxygen as they respire
  8. The liquid in the manometer moves towards the test tube with woodlice due to the decrease in pressure
  9. The distance moved by the liquid in a given time is measured and is used to calculate the volume of oxygen taken in by the woodlice per unit of time
  10. Repeat all steps with the water bath set at different temperatures
54
Q

how do you get cramps

A

during vigorous exercise, lactic acid builds up in the muscles which gets painful and leads to cramps

55
Q

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants

A

glucose —–> ethanol + carbon dioxide

56
Q

how much energy is transferred in aerobic respiration

A

a large amount

57
Q

how much energy is transferred in anaerobic respiration

A

a small amount

58
Q

how do you measure the rate of respiration

A
  1. Take two test tubes, each containing soda lime granules covered by a wall of wool
  2. Place woodlice on top of the cotton wool in one tube. Add glass beads with the same mass as the woodlice to the control tube
  3. Set up the respirometer, with the water bath set to 15 degrees celsius
  4. Leave the apparatus for 5 minutes
  5. Use the syringe to set the fluid in the manometer to a known level
  6. Leave the apparatus for a set period of time
  7. In this time, there will be a decrease in the volume of air in the test tube with woodlice as they use up oxygen as they respire
  8. The liquid in the manometer moves towards the test tube with woodlice due to the decrease in pressure
  9. The distance moved by the liquid in a given time is measured and is used to calculate the volume of oxygen taken in by the woodlice per unit of time
59
Q

why is soda lime used when measuring the rate of respiration

A

the soda lime absorbs the cotton dioxide produced by the respiring woodlice

60
Q

why is the cotton wool used when measuring the rate of respiration

A

the cotton wool stops both you and the woodlice coming into contact with the soda lime

61
Q

what are the ethical issues from using live organisms to measure the rate of respiration

A

you cannot leave the organisms in the respirometer for too long

the organisms should be kept away from the soda lime

BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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