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Biology- module 3 > exchange surfaces > Flashcards

exchange surfaces Flashcards

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1
Q

give 2 reasons why a single-celled organism doesn’t need a specialised gas exchange system but a mammal does

A

they have a large surface area, diffusion is relatively fast

they have a much lower metabolic rate as they are less active, they have a lower demand for oxygen and produce less CO2

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2
Q

give 3 reasons why a multicellular animals have a slow diffusion rate

A

some cells are deep within the body

larger animals have a low surface area to volume ratio

they have a higher metabolic rate than single cellular organisms

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3
Q

what is the equation for the surface area of a sphere

A

4 (pi) squared

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4
Q

what is the equation for the volume of a sphere

A

4/3 pi (radius) cubed

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5
Q

list 3 features which are useful for gas exchange

A

short diffusion pathway

big concentration gradient

big surface area

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6
Q

why are mammals lungs deep inside the body

A

if it was too permeable and thin, water would be diffused into the lungs

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7
Q

describe the pathway of the respiratory system

A

nasal passage
nostrils
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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8
Q

what are lungs protected by

A

ribcage

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9
Q

what are muscles called in lungs

A

intercostal muscles

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10
Q

define metabolic rate

A

high cell respiration rate to produce ATP fast enough to supply the cells with enough energy to carry out active processes

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11
Q

give 3 ways the nasal capacity is adapted to maximise gas exchange

A

large surface area

hairy lining to trap dust and bacteria

moist surfaces which increase the humidity of the incoming air reducing evaporation from the exchange surfaces

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12
Q

what is the purpose of goblet cells

A

secrete mucus which traps microorganisms and bacteria

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13
Q

what is the function of cilia

A

they move mucus upward towards the throat

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14
Q

what is the function of elastic fibres

A

they help the process of breathing in and out
they stretch and recoil

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15
Q

what is the purpose of smooth muscle

A

during exercise the smooth muscle relaxes making tubes wider so there’s less resistance to airflow and air can move in and out of lungs more easily

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16
Q

what is the function of cartilidge

A

provide support
strong but flexible
stops trachea and bronchiole from collapsing when pressure drops

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17
Q

which part of the lungs have cartilidge

A

trachea
bronchi

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18
Q

what part of the lungs have smooth muscle

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

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19
Q

what part of the lungs have elastic fibres

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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20
Q

what parts of the lungs have goblet cells

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

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21
Q

why do the smallest bronchioles and alveoli have no smooth muscle and goblet cells

A

disappears as it is smaller

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22
Q

why do the epithelium not have cilia in the bronchioles and alveoli

A

they could block the air way

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23
Q

why do smokers often develop long term coughs

A

destroys cilia hairs

mucus sits there

pathogens are trapped in causing infection and irritation

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24
Q

why does the amount of cartilage reduce as we move from the trachea to the bronchi to the bronchioles

A

it doesn’t need the support as it is small

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25
why is cartilidge incomplete and a C shape
it would be too rigid needs flexibility to allow food to be swallowed down the oesphagus which is behind the trachea
26
give 3 ways the alveoli are adapted for efficient gas exchange
short diffusion pathway (capillaries are close by and the membrane is thin) good concentration gradient (blood is flowing to take CO2 away and brings O2) large surface area (millions of alveoli create a large surface area
27
why is surfactant released by the aveoli into its inner lining
lowers surface tension so they don't stick together when exhaling
28
what is inspiration
breathing in
29
describe the process of inspiration
external intercostal muscles and diaphram contract ribcage moves up and the diaphram flattens creating an increase in volume for the thorax (where the lungs are) lung pressure decreases, allowing air to flow into the lungs
30
why is inspiration an active process
it requires energy
31
what is expiration
breathing out
32
describe the process of expiration
external intercostal and diaphram muscles relax ribcage moves downwards and diaphram becomes curved again thorax volume decreases and increases in pressure air is forced out the lungs
33
describe what happens in forced expiration
the internal intercostal muscles contract to pull the ribcage down and in
34
what is the calculation of ventilation rate
ventilation rate= breathing rate x tidal volume
35
what is the typical tidal volume
0.5 dm3
36
what is tidal volume
volume of air exchanged per breath
37
what is the intention of a spirometer
to investigate breathing
38
describe how a spirometer works
person breathes in and out via mouthpiece when breathing in, they use the oxygen from the chamber and the float decreases when breathing out, the CO2 is absorbed by soda lime and the flat increases the float is attached to a pen which writes on a revolving drum recording breathing movements
39
what is vital capaity
the maximum volume of air that can be breathed in and out in one breath
40
what are the 2 ways to calculate breathing rate
60/ time for 1 breath count the peaks in graphs
41
name 3 safety precautions when using a spirometer
make sure that the soda lime is being used as the person will be breathing in exhaled CO2 make sure the person is healthy make sure the mouthpiece is sterilised
42
what difficulties are there in trying to gain oxygen from water rather than air
water is more dense than air so would take more energy to complete water has a much lower oxygen content than air, so there would be a smaller concentration gradient across the gas exchange surface
43
how many gills do fish have
4
44
where are gills found
gill cavity
45
what is the flap that covers the gill cavity called
operculum
46
draw a fish gill
(in the back of the booklet)
47
describe a counter-current system
water with a relatively high oxygen concentration flow next to a blood with a lower concentration of oxygen
48
why is a counter current system useful
makes a steep concentration gradient
49
describe the process of ventilation in bony fish
fish opens it mouth this lowers the floor of the buccal cavity increases the volume of the buccal cavity pressure inside the buccal cavity to fall water is then drawn into the buccal cavity due to pressure gradient then fish closes it mouth floor of buccal cavity is raised volume inside the buccal cavity falls pressure inside the buccal cavity increases water is forced over the gill filaments (where gas exchange happens)
50
how does the structure of a fish gill have a large surface area
4 gills each gill is made up of 2 stacks of gill filament each filament is covered with gill plates (lamellae) which is the site of gas exchange
51
how does the structure of a fish gill have a short diffusion pathway
capillaries are close to the surface gill plates are thin
52
how does the structure of a fish gill have a big concentration gradient
counter-current mechanism
53
what is 3 things needed for efficient gas exchange
large surface area steep concentration gradient short diffusion pathway
54
what is the purpose of exoskeletons in insects (2 ways)
prevents gas exchange from happening across their body protection
55
what type of circulatory system do insects have
open circulatory system
56
describe the gas exchange structures in insects (in order)
spiracles trachea tracheoles
57
what is the role of chitin in insects
to keep airways open (stop them collapsing)
58
describe the structure of tracheoles in insects
single elongated cell with no chitin
59
how does an insect's gas exchange system have a large surface area
lots of tracheoles in contact with body cells
60
how does an insect's gas exchange system have a big concentration gradient
body cells are constantly using oxygen and producing CO2 maintaining a diffusion gradient
61
how does an insects gas exchange system have a short diffusion pathway
the end of trachea are thin so short distance for diffusion, short distance between air outside insect and body cells
62
what limits the diffusion of oxygen in insects and how is it overcome
the tracheal fluid limits oxygen getting to the tracheoles near to the cells if insects's activity increases, it will repsire aneorbically and produce lactic acid, which lowers the water potential drawing water from the tracheoles in the cells by osmosis, so less fluid is left in the tracheole so an increase in surface area is available for gas exchange
63
give 3 ways in which larger insects can also ventilate their tracheal system by movements of the body
air sacs can be squeezed by the action of the flight muscles movements of the wings alter the volume of the thorax locusts can alter the volume of their abdomen by specialised breathing movements

Biology- module 3 (3 decks)

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