transport in animals

Question 1

give 3 reasons why specialised transport systems are needed

Answer 1

metabollic demands are high

surface area to volume ratio is smaller

size of organism

Question 2

what is an open circulatory system

Answer 2

no blood vessels and is in an open cavity

Question 3

what is the blood in insects called

Answer 3

heamolymph

Question 4

what is a closed circulatory system

Answer 4

blood vessels and does not come into direct contact with cells

Question 5

what is a single closed circulatory system

Answer 5

only around the body once

Question 6

what is a double closed circulatory system

Answer 6

travels twice around the body

Question 7

why are elastic fibres useful in blood vessels

Answer 7

they can stretch and recoil providing felxibility

Question 8

why is smooth muscle useful in blood vessels

Answer 8

contracts and relaxes to change the size of the lumen

Question 9

why is collagen useful in blood vessels

Answer 9

provides structural shape

Question 10

name the structures in arteries (3 features)

Answer 10

endothelium
elastic layer
smooth muscle layer

Question 11

what are aterioles roles

Answer 11

feed blood into capillaries

Question 12

what are capillaries role

Answer 12

metabollic exchange

Question 13

what is tissue fluid

Answer 13

contains dissolved oxygen and nutrients which supplies tissues with essential solutes

Question 14

what is hydrostatic pressure

Answer 14

the pressure that forces blood out of capillaries allowing substances within tissue fluid to be exchanged

Question 15

what is osmotic pressure

Answer 15

the pushes fluid into the capillaries

Question 16

where does excess tissue fluid that isn’t transported back into the capillaries go

Answer 16

lymphatic system with lymphnodes and lymphocytes

Question 17

how does the water from tissue fluid move to the blood again (3 marks)

Answer 17

tissue fluid has a positive water potential
blood has a negative water potential
water moves down a water potential gradient via osmosis

Question 19

how many polypeptide chains does haemoglobin have

Answer 19

4
2 alpha and 2 beta

Question 20

what is the haem group of haemoglobin

Answer 20

iron

Question 21

how many oxygen molecules can haemoglobin carry

Answer 21

4

Question 22

what is partial pressure of oxygen a measure of

Answer 22

oxygen concentration

Question 23

what does SAN act as

Answer 23

pacemaker

Question 24

how is the electrical impulse passed from the atria to the ventricle

Answer 24

SAN sends electrical excitation
atria contracts
electrical excitation is detected by the AVN
AVN sends electrical excitation down Purkyne fibres, down apex
ventricles contract

Question 25

where is the SAN located

Answer 25

right atrium

Question 26

what is the His a collection of

Answer 26

conducting tissue

Question 27

what do ECG's measure

Answer 27

hearts electrical activity

Question 28

what are the 3 traces in an ECG

Answer 28

P wave QRS wave T wave

Question 29

what does the P wave indicate in an ECG

Answer 29

atrial systole

Question 30

what does the QRS wave indicate in an ECG

Answer 30

ventricle systole

Question 31

what does the T wave indicate in an ECG

Answer 31

ventricle diastole

Question 32

what is an ectopic heartbeat

Answer 32

an added heart beat

Question 33

what is atrial fibrillation

Answer 33

the heart cannot pump heart properly

Question 34

how to treat atrial fibrillation

Answer 34

surgery or treatment

Question 35

what is the bohr shift

Answer 35

dissociation curve shift to the right

Question 36

how does a pump in the heart give an efficient transport system

Answer 36

creates hydrostatic pressure

Question 37

how is blood being a fluid make it an efficient transport system

Answer 37

transport medium

Question 38

how do blood vessels give it an efficient transport system

Answer 38

maintains high pressure

Question 39

describe the flow of blood starting from the vena cava

Answer 39

vena cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary vein left atrium right atrium aorta

Question 40

describe the cardiac cycle

Answer 40

blood flows into the atria via the veins passively AV valves are open artria muscles contract atrial pressure increases blood pushed into the ventricles ventricle muscles contract pressure increases in ventricles AV close SL valves open blood pumped into aorta ventricular volume decreases pressure in arteries increases forces the SL valves to shut atrial and ventricle muscles relax

Question 41

what is the equation for cardiac output

Answer 41

cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate

Question 42

what is ultrafiltration in the formation of lymph

Answer 42

when plasma is forced out of the capillaries through the capillary walls into the tissues

Question 43

what filters lymph

Answer 43

lymphnodes

Question 44

why does the artery wall have a thick layer of collagen

Answer 44

stop them from bursting or collapsing

Question 45

why do arteries have a layer of smooth muscle

Answer 45

control how large the lumen is to maintain pressure

Question 46

why do arteries have folded epithelium

Answer 46

allows lumen to expand under pressure

Question 47

how is carbon dioxide removed 85% of the time

Answer 47

CO2 diffuses into erythrocyte broke down by carbonicohydrase forms carbonic acid dissociates with haemoglobin HCO3 leaves chloride diffused in to balance charge (chloride shift) chlorine acts as a buffer and binds to haemoglobin haemoglobin acid

Question 48

why is the formation if carbaminohaemoglobin potentially dangerous for the body if CO2 is not excreted

Answer 48

haemoglobin needs to carry oxygen not CO2, less oxygen to respiring tissues

Question 49

why is the formation of hydrogen potentially dangerous for the body

Answer 49

it makes it too acidic which could denature proteins

Question 50

what is the role of smooth muscle tissue

Answer 50

maintains blood pressure as it regulates the size of the lumen

Question 51

what is the role of leucocytes

Answer 51

to fight pathogens

Question 52

what is the process if plasma seperation under pressure known as

Answer 52

ultrafiltration

Question 53

are leucocytes found in blood or tissue fluid

Answer 53

both

Question 54

suggest one way in which lymph is different from tissue fluid

Answer 54

lymph has toxic waste materials

Question 55

suggest three safety measures you should take to reduce the risk from pathogens

Answer 55

sharp instruments sterilise the tables after dissection wear gloves

Question 56

why is each AV valve attached to the ventricle wall by tendons

Answer 56

prevents backflow by stopping the AV valves from operating when in systole

Question 57

why is the heart myogenic

Answer 57

the contraction is controlled by the SAN valve

Question 58

what prevents the SAN from causing immediate contraction of the ventricles

Answer 58

conducting tissue

Question 59

why is it important that the electrical wave from the SAN takes time to reach the ventricles

Answer 59

enough time for blood to rush until the ventricles from the atrium