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Biology- module 3 > transport in plants > Flashcards

transport in plants Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

what does dicotyledeneous

A

2 seed leaves

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2
Q

where are places in plants in which gas exchange can occur

A

stomotas
root hair cells

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3
Q

what do xylem transport

A

water and mineral ions

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4
Q

what do phloem transport

A

sugars and amino acids

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5
Q

what is the transpiration stream

A

the movement of water up a plant

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6
Q

what is transpiration

A

the evaporation of water

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7
Q

what process allows water to move from cell to cell

A

osmosis

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8
Q

draw a root hair cell

A
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9
Q

how does water move into the root hair cells

A

facilitated diffusion and active transport

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10
Q

what is an apoplastic pathway

A

water moves from cell to cell through the cellulose cell wall

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11
Q

why is the apoplastic pathway the more effective and quicker way

A

the cellulose cell wall is fully permeable for water can diffuse easily

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12
Q

what is a symplastic pathway

A

water moves from cell to cell through the cytoplasm (plasmodesmata)

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13
Q

why is the apoplastic pathway blocked

A

the water molecules have reached the endodermis of the root which is waterproof so water molecules cannot get through so divert onto the symplastic pathway

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14
Q

draw a stem

A
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15
Q

give 3 adaptations of xylem cells

A

lignified cell walls (provides strength)

no end plates (mass flow of water)

made up of dead cells (doesn’t impede the mass flow of water)

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16
Q

what is the movement of water up a stem called

A

mass flow

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17
Q

give 3 mechanisms which make water flow up the stem

A

root pressure

cohesion

adhesion

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18
Q

how does water pressure make water flow up the stem

A

as water continuously enters the root it will create a small amount of pressure

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19
Q

how does cohesion make water flow up the stem

A

water is polar and makes hydrogen bonds, it forms bonds with other water molecules and pull it up the stem

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20
Q

how does adhesion make water flow up the stem

A

hydrogen bonds between water molecules and sides of xylem walls

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21
Q

what is capillary action

A

water molecules stick to each other and can rise up narrow tubes

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21
Q

what does capillary action do

A

increases as the diameter of the tube decreases

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21
Q

is water transport passive or active

A

passive

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21
Q

where does water enter into from the xylem vessels

A

mesophyll cells

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22
what is the process of water evaporation
diffusion
22
what is transpiration
water evaporating out of a leaf
23
give 5 examples of adaptations which minimise the water vapour lost
waxy cuticle stomota found underneath the leaf stomata closed at night deciduous plants lose their leaves in the winter as there is less water available
23
how is stomatas being underneath the leaf an efficient way of minimising the water lost
it reduces evaporation as the leaf is not in direct sunlight from the sun
23
give 2 reasons why it is important that plants don't lose too much water by transpiration
so the plant doesn't wilt and stays turgid so the stem is stable water is needed for photosynthesis
24
describe the route of water into the root
soil root hair cell epidermis cortex endodermis pericycle xylem
25
explain how the total lack of cell contents makes the xylem efficient at transporting water
the water can flow up the column uninterrupted without meeting resistance
25
explain how the xylem having no end walls in individual xylem element makes it efficient at transporting water
no end walls means that the water can flow continuously without meeting resistance
26
explain how the xylem having a diameter of between 0.01mm and 0.2mm makes it efficient at transporting water
smaller the diameter increase in adhesion increase in capillary action increase in hydrostatic force
27
explain how the xylem having lignified walls makes it efficient at transporting water
very strong- withstand the mass flow and won't collapse waterproof- water won't leak out
28
explain how the xylem having pits makes it efficient at transporting water
allows water to move into cells if there any blockages, water can move to other vessels
29
what is translocation
the transport of organic solutes across a plant
30
give 3 examples of assimilates (transported in the phloem)
amino acids hormones sugars
31
what is phloem tissue made up of
sieve tube elements which make a continuous column companion cells which help them to function
32
what organelles do the sieve tube elements lack
nucleus vacuole little cytoplasm
33
what is a sieve plate
where to sieves meet
34
what are the pores called in phloem
sieve pores
35
why do the companion cells use active processes
to actively load sugars into the sieve tubes
36
how can scientists collect sap from the phloem
aphids
37
is the transport in phloem active or passive
active
38
what is a source
any part of a plant that loads organic solutes into the phloem
39
what is a sink
any part of the plant that takes organic solutes out of the phloem
40
what is the difference in the direction between phloem and xylem
phloem- up and down xylem- up only
41
describe the general mechanism for mass flow of phloem sap
sucrose is actively loaded into the sieve tube elements and reduces the water potential water follows by osmosis sap moves down the sieve tube by hydrostatic pressure sucrose is removed from the sieve tubes, which increases the water potential in the sieve tube water is removed and this reduces hydrostatic pressure
42
give an example of a source
leaf
43
give an example of a sink
growing tip
44
what cells carry out photosynthesis
mesophyll cells
45
what is the cell membrane phloem called
plasmodesmata
46
describe the steps of sucrose being 'loaded' into the phloem
H+ ions are actively pumped out of the companion cells using ATP (active transport) this creates a high concentration of H+ ions so will need facilitated diffusion to move back into the companion cells involving a protein carrier (which will only work if sucrose is present) sucrose concentration is too high in the companion cell and then diffuses across the plasmodesmata
47
what is the process that moves sucrose for a higher concentration to a lower concentration
facilitated diffusion
48
what are the 2 uses of sucrose in a cell
can be hydrolysed into glucose and fructose can be used as energy storage (e.g. starch)
49
how do we know that phloem uses an active process
companion cells have mitochondria
50
what are terresterial plants
plants that live on land
51
what are the 2 things that plants which live on land must be adapted for
loss of water replacing water lost
52
what are xerophytes
plants that live in dry conditions
53
how do sunken stomatas minimise water loss
reduces air movement increases humidity (creates a water vapour potential gradient)
54
how does a reduced number of stomatas minimise water loss
less gas exchange occurs less water lost via transpiration
55
how does a reduced number of leaves minimise water loss
reduced surface area minimises water loss as there is a reduction in transpiration
56
how does a plant having curled leaves minimise water loss
all the stomatas are within a micro-environment which increases humidity which reduces water loss
57
what root adaptations are present in xerophytes
long roots cover a large surface area to reach optimum water available
58
how does a plant having needles as leaves minimise water loss
reduces surface area
59
give an example of a xerophyte
cacti
60
what plants grow on sand dunes
maram grass
61
give 3 reasons why sand dunes are harsh environments
sand does not hold water usually windy conditions salty sand usually lowers water potential around the root
62
give 3 ways that maram grass is adapted to its harsh conditions
curl leaves in windy weather hairs on epidermis thick waxy layer on epidermis
63
give 3 ways that cacti are adapted to its harsh conditions
thick waxy layer on epidermis spines instead of leaves cacti close stomata in the day as it is the highest rate of transpiration
64
what are hydrophytes
plants that live in water
65
if plants float, why is it important that their leaves are on the surface of the water (3 ways)
in order to reach sunlight for photosynthesis oxygen for respiration CO2 for photosynthesis
66
why do hydrophytes have thin waxy cuticles
water loss by transpiration is not a need
67
why do hydrophytes have stomata found on the upper side of the leaf
gas exchange
68
why do hydrophytes have reduced supporting tissues
no need for it as the water creates support for them
69
why do hydrophytes have air sacs
in order for the plant to float
70
what is aerenchyma
packing tissue that forms in leaves it has many air spaces
71
what is the function of aerenchyma
makes stems and leaves more boyant forming a low resistance internal pathway for the movement of substances such as oxygen
72
what are hyathodes and why are they useful in hydrophytes
they release droplets off water which can be evaporated this stops the transpiration stream being blocked

Biology- module 3 (3 decks)

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