Exchange Surfaces

Question 1

As size increases

Answer 1

Surface area increases
Volume increases
Surface area to volume ratio decreases

Question 2

C-GCSES

Answer 2

Cartilage
Goblet cells
Ciliated epithelium cells
Smooth muscle
Elastic fibres
Squamous epithelium

Question 3

Cartilage

Answer 3

Support to trachea and branches hold airways open
Prevents collapse

Question 4

Goblets

Answer 4

Secrete mucus
Mucus trap pathogens

Question 5

Ciliated epithelium

Answer 5

Lining
Wafts mucus away from alveoli

Question 6

Smooth muscle

Answer 6

Contracts to narrow Airways
Aid expulsion of air

Question 7

Squamous

Answer 7

Flat lining
Short distance of diffusion

Question 8

Elastic fibres

Answer 8

Stretch when when breathing and recoil to force air out and return to its original structure

Question 9

Inspiration Mr dvp

Answer 9

Muscles ( external intercostal) contract
Ribs move up and out
Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Volume of thorax increase
Pressure decrease and rushes in

Question 10

Expiration

Answer 10

External intercostal muscles relax
Ribs move down and in
Diaphragm relaxes and dome shaped
Volume of thorax decreases
Pressure inside increases and rushes out

Question 11

Spirometer can be used to measure ?Bovt

Answer 11

Tidal volume
Breathing Rate
Vital capacity
Oxygen usage

Question 12

Spirometer safety

Answer 12

Disinfect all parts
Fresh sodalite prevent build up of co2
Health questionnaire to check for breathing difficulties
Use for a short period of time prevent it from running out

Question 13

Spirometer Validity

Answer 13

Good seal
No air leaks
Nose clip used

Question 14

Tidal volume

Answer 14

Measure of air exchange in a single breath
Cm³ or dm³

Question 15

Vital capacity

Answer 15

Volume of air thag can be exchanged in a single breath cm³ or dm³

Question 16

Breath rate

Answer 16

Number of breaths per min
Breaths min‐¹

Question 17

Oxygen uptake

Answer 17

Volume of oxygen absorbed by lungs in one minute ( cm³min‐1)

Question 18

Why is soda lime used in the spirometer?

Answer 18

Absorbed co2 to prevent build up of toxic gas

Question 19

Why does the spirometer trace go up and down each time the subject breathes in and out but goes downwards as time progresses?

Answer 19

Total volume of oxygen decrease per breath
Co2 out then absorbed by sodalite
Only records volume of oxygen taken out

Question 20

How do we calculate the reduction in the volume of air in the float from the trace?

Answer 20

We draw aline below all curves
Calculate a gradient

Question 21

Fish head components

Answer 21

Gill filaments
Gill lamella
Gill arch

Question 22

Gill filaments
Gill lamella
Gill arch

Answer 22

Large surface area , thin walls
Large surface area
Good blood supply / capillaries, thin walls

Question 23

Counter current in fish and adv

Answer 23

Water and blood flow in opposite directions across plate

Concentration gradient is present at every point of lamella
More diffusion
Mor oxygen

Question 24

Buccal opercular pump

Answer 24

Mouth opens

Buccal cavity moves down
Volume increases
Pressure decrease

Water enters mouth, mouth closes

Buccal cavity floor moves up
Volume decrease
Pressure increases

Operculum move outwards
Volume of opercular cavity increases
Pressure of “ “ decreases

Water moves over gills
Water leave through opercular slit

Question 25

Mouth opens

Answer 25

Buccal cavity moves down Volume increases Pressure decrease

Question 26

Mouth closes after water enters

Answer 26

Buccal cavity floor moves up Volume decrease Pressure increases Operculum move outwards Volume of opercular cavity increases Pressure of " " decreases

Question 27

Water leaves via (gills)

Answer 27

Opercular slit

Question 28

Ventilation

Answer 28

Exchange of gases in lungs

Question 29

How does an insect increase the avaliable of oxygen to cells when the insect is exercising ( rest)

Answer 29

Trachioles contain fluid water from respiration collect in trachieoles Preventing dehydration Oxygen cab diffuse to tissues through fluid but rate of diffusion is slower but meets requirements

Question 30

How does an insect increase the avaliable of oxygen to cells when the insect is exercising

Answer 30

Activity increases so energy need increases Insufficient oxygen therefore anerobix respiration Lactic acid increases from anaerobic respiration and causes the water potential to fall in the neg Trachioles water potential is greater than tissue so water moves out via osmosis Oxygen moves further into Trachioles causing a short distance of diffusion to supply more oxygen

Question 31

Spiracles and thorax

Answer 31

Allow air into trachea Middle of ribs

Question 32

Ventilatory mechanism in insects

Answer 32

Abdominal muscle movement Volume / pressure of throax and abdomen changes Movement in flight air is forces in and out Size of spiracles changes