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biology > Excretion / Homeostasis / > Flashcards

Excretion / Homeostasis / Flashcards

1
Q

Give four ways that water is removed from the body

A
  • urine
  • sweat
  • faeces
  • exhaling
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2
Q

Give one difference between composition of tissue fluid and composition of blood

A

Tissue fluid lacks plasma proteins

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3
Q

Give three examples of things the body controls

A
  • carbon dioxide levels
  • blood ph
  • body temperature
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4
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

Watery solution of salts, glucose and solutes that acts as a pathway to transport nutrients between the blood and cells

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5
Q

Explain what would happen to the cells if the tissue fluid had too many solutes

A

Water would flow out of cells through osmosis, from a more dilute solution, to a less dilute solution, and would become crenated

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6
Q

Give two examples of nitrogenous waste

A

Urea and ammonia

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7
Q

Explain the difference in how carbohydrates and fats are stored by the body, and how protein is stored by the body

A

Carbohydrates and fats are either stored in the liver or as fat, surrounding organs
Protein can not be stored so is broken down into amino acids by the liver,
and converted into carbohydrates (stored as glycogen)
And nitrogenous waste product urea is formed

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8
Q

Difference between excretion and egestion

A

Egestion is the removal of undigested food from the body

Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste products from the body

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9
Q

Difference between ureter and urethra

A

Ureter transports urine from the kidney to the bladder

Urethra transports urine from bladder to body’s exterior

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10
Q

Role of sphincter muscles

A

Contract and relax to control flow of urine out of the urethra

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11
Q

Describe which two blood vessels take blood to the kidney and which two blood vessels take clean blood back to the heart

A

From the aorta, the renal artery takes unfiltered blood to the kidney
And then the renal vein takes filtered blood back to the vena cava of the heart

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12
Q

Give two reasons why the glomerus has high blood pressure

A
  • the renal artery has a thick muscular wall which is able to contract and expand, increasing the pressure
  • because of the contraction of the left ventricle
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13
Q

Where exactly in the kidney are nephrons located

A

Located in the cortex

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14
Q

Fill in the blanks
The lighter outer region of the kidney is called the…..
The inner darker region of the kidney is called the…

A

Cortex

Medulla

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15
Q

Where does ultrafiltration take place

A

In the bowman’s capsule

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16
Q

Give names of the three layers between the glomerulus and the bowman’s capsule

A

Capillary wall
Basement membrane
wall of capsule

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17
Q

What happens to the other 99% of glomerular filtrate that is not filtered through the capsules

A

It is reabsorbed back into the blood

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18
Q

Where does selective reabsorbtion take place

A

In the tubule of the kidney

19
Q

Which part of the tubule is in the medulla

A

The loop of Henlie

20
Q

Why does the flow rate (concentration of water) decrease from the bowman’s capsule to the first part of the tubule

A

Because some water is absorbed back into the blood

21
Q

How is the nephron adapated for ultrafiltration of glucose molecules

A

Contains many mitochondria to provide energy for active transport of glucose molecules

22
Q

why does urea concentration increase from glomerular filtrate to tubule

A

water concentration decreases as is it absorbed back into blood through osmosis, so urea is more concentrated

23
Q

Why are kidney transplants often placed in lower abdomen rather than next to other kidney

A

Because it is closer to the bladder and other major blood vessels

24
Q

Explain why desert animals have concentrated urine

A

They have long loops of Henlie
Thus more water is reabsorbed into the blood to conserve water
And so concentration of urea is more

25
Q

Which capillaries supply the arteries of the glomerus?

A

Arterioles

26
Q

Explain what happens when you are dehydrated

A

1) receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain detect a change in the concentration of water in the blood
2) so they release more anti diuretic hormone from the pituatory gland
3) this travels to the kidney through the blood and makes the collecting duct more permeable to water, so more water is reabsorbed back into the body
4) so urine produced is very concentrated and in a small volume

27
Q

Explain what happens when you have drunk too much water

A

1) receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain detect a change in the concentration of water in the blood
2) so they release less anti diuretic hormone from the pituatory gland
3) this travels to the kidney through the blood and makes the collecting duct less permeable to water, so less water is reabsorbed back into the body
4) so urine produced is very dilute and in a large volume

28
Q

The kidney carries out two functions in the human body, state these functions

A

Osmoregulation

Excretion

29
Q

A kangaroo rat has a high concentration of ions in the tissue around the collecting duct.
Explain how this helps it to survive in the desert

A

High concentration of ions means it has a lower concentration of water in the tissue
Therefore water from collecting duct will move from a high concentration to a low concentration through a semi permeable membrane through the process of osmosis
And so more water will be absorbed into the body and urine will be less concentrated

30
Q

Suggest where a kangaroo rat can get water from their body from

A

Through the process of respiration

31
Q

Which part inside of a kidney is the bowman’s capsule located

A

Located in the cortex

Although some of the nephron is in the medulla like the loop of henle

32
Q

Where is urea produced

A

In the liver

33
Q

What is meant by the term Osmoregulation

A

The maintenance of the balance of water going into the body and water going out of the body

34
Q

Describe how glomerular filtrate is produced in the body (3)

A

Blood enters the glomerus from the renal artery which comes from a very high pressure
Which helps to filter only the small molecules through
Into the bowman’s capsule to form the glomerular filtrate

35
Q

A runner went for a 10 mile jog on a hot day
Her urine was darker than usual when she returned
Explain why she produced darker colour urine(6mark)

A

1) water was lost from her body due to the heat as she was sweating
2) so osmorecpeptros in hypothalamus detected a change in water levels and signaled the pituitary gland to release more ADH
3) The collecting duct was now more permeable and more water could be reabsorbed into the body
4) so the urine contained less water and so was more concentrated and thus darker in colour

36
Q

What is the EFFECT of ADH on the body

A

It increases the permeability of the collecting duct to absorb more water and releases more concentrated urine

( when they ask for effect they’re not asking for its role. It’s role would be to control the water levels. But effect is when it is secreted what it actually does)

37
Q

Which blood vessel does the cleaned blood flow through

A

The renal vein

38
Q

Give 5 substances that are filtered into the bowman’s capsule

A 
Glucose
Urea
Water
Ions
Amino acids
39
Q

Give 4 substances that are reabsorbed into the tubules

A

All glucose
Some ions
Some water
All amino acids

40
Q

Give three substances that are present in the urine

A

Water
Urea
Excess Ions

41
Q

Why is it better to connect a vein to a kidney machine instead of an artery

Give two reasons

A

Vein has less pressure

Veins are closer to the surface so easier to see

42
Q

What is an artériole

A

Blood vessel that connects arteries to the capillaries

43
Q

State which parts of the nephron are located in which parts of the kidney

A

Proximal and distal convoluted tubule are inside the cortex
Loop of henle and collecting duct are inside the medulla

biology (16 decks)

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