Exercise 2: Cell Structure and Division

Question 1

3 common characteristics of cells:

Answer 1

1. The outer boundary of the cell is the plasma membrane.
2. All cells store genetic information in the form of DNA
3. Everything inside the plasma membrane that is not DNA or nucleus is cytoplasm.

Question 2

Levels of Orgaization

Answer 2

1. Organelles
2. Cells
3. Tissues
4. Organs
5. Systems

Question 3

Characteristics/Function of the nucleus.

Answer 3

1. Contains nucleus

2. Pattern for building all proteins for the cell.

Question 4

Characteristics/Function of the nuclear envelope.

Answer 4

1. Membrane around nucleus.

2. DNA can not cross it.

Question 5

Characteristics/Function of the nucleolus.

Answer 5

1. Area in nucleus

2. Site of mRNA synthesis.

Question 6

Characteristics/Function of chromatin.

Answer 6

Unwound DNA inside nucleus.

Question 7

Characteristics/Function of the nuclear pores.

Answer 7

1. Opening in nuclear envelope

2. Allows mRNA out of nucleus.

Question 8

Characteristics/Function of the cytoskeleton.

Answer 8

1. Several different types.

2. Internal scaffolding for cell.

Question 9

Characteristics/Function of the cytoplasm.

Answer 9

1. Semi-solid substance
2. Fills space between plasma membrane and nucleus
3. Composed of organelles suspended in cytosol.

Question 10

Characteristics/Function of the Plasma membrane.

Answer 10

1. Outer boundary of cell
2. Lipid bilayer.
3. Regulates what enters or leaves cell.

Question 11

Characteristics/Function of the Ribosomes

Answer 11

1. Composed of rRNA and proteins
2. Site of mRNA translation.
3. Free ribosomes are in cytoplasm
4. Fixed ribosomes stud outside of RER.

Question 12

Characteristics/Function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum RER

Answer 12

1. Membraneous organelle
2. Network of channels
3. Site of protein synthesis

Question 13

Characteristics/Function of Mitochondrion

Answer 13

1. Membraneous organelle
2. Bean-shaped
3. Site of ATP synthesis

Question 14

Characteristics/Function of a Lysosome

Answer 14

1. Membrane bound vesicle

2. Contains hydrolytic enzymes

Question 15

Characteristics/Function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 15

1. Membraneous organelle
2. Forms tube-like structure
3. Site of lipid synthesis.

Question 16

Characteristics/Function of a centriole.

Answer 16

1. Paired organelle

2. Organizes spindle fibers during mitosis.

Question 17

Characteristics/Function of the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 17

1. membraneous organelle
2. Forms stack of plates
3. Proteins packaged for secretion

Question 18

Characteristics/Function of a transport vesicle

Answer 18

1. Membrane-bound vesicle

2. Transports substances throughout the cell.

Question 19

Mitosis

Answer 19

The division portion of the cell cycle, ensure that each daughter cell receives the full and correct number of chromosomes from the parent.

Question 20

Interphase

Answer 20

1. Consists of G1, S, & G2 phases
2. Time during which cell is carrying out its functions and growing larger.
3. Repliates DNA as it prepares to divide.

Question 21

First Growth (G1) phase

Answer 21

1. Cells grow larger

2. Carries out cellular functions

Question 22

Synthesis (S) phase

Answer 22

1. DNA is replicated
2. Sister chromatids are formed.
3. Organelles increase in number

Question 23

Second Growth (G2) Phase

Answer 23

1. Cells grow larger
2. Prepares to divide
3. Continues to carry out cellular functions

Question 24

Mitosis

Answer 24

1. Equal division of DNA

2. Consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 25

Cell Division

Answer 25

1. Consists of the four stages of mitosis and cytokinesis. | 2. Time during which original cell produces two identical daughter cells.

Question 26

Cytokinesis

Answer 26

1. Division of cytoplasm | 2. Results in two equal cells.

Question 27

Stages of Mitosis: Interphase

Answer 27

1. Cell carries out its functions. 2. DNA is diffuse and called chromatin 3. No chromosomes are visible 4. Cell replicates DNA and organelles as it prepares to enter mitosis

Question 28

Stages of Mitosis: Prophase

Answer 28

1. First stage of mitosis 2. Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes called sister chromatins 3. Sister chromatids are the result of DNA replication, two identical chromosomes connected by a centromere 4. Nuclear envelope begins to break down. 5. Spindle fibers appear.

Question 29

Stages of Mitosis: Metaphase

Answer 29

1. Second stage of mitosis 2. Nuclear envelope is gone 3. Centromere of each sister chromatid attaches to spindle fibers 4. Sister chromatids line up along equator of cell.

Question 30

Stages of Mitosis: Anaphase

Answer 30

1. Third stage of mitosis 2. Sister chromatids separate at centromere to produce individual chromosomes 3. Chromosomes begin to migrate to the poles.

Question 31

Stages of Mitosis: Telophase

Answer 31

1. Fourth stage of mitosis 2. Chromosomes reach poles 3. Spindle fibers disappear. 4. Nuclei begin to reform

Question 32

Stages of Mitosis: Cytokinesis

Answer 32

1. Physical division of cell following division of DNA. 2. When complete, two identical daughter cells are formed 3. Each daughter cell enters interphase and entire process begins again.

Question 33

A group of like cells group together to form_____

Answer 33

Tissue

Question 34

Which of the following choices is NOT found in all cells? Centrioles Plasma Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm

Answer 34

Centrioles

Question 35

Which organelle is the site of ATP synthesis?

Answer 35

Mitochondrion

Question 36

During interphase DNA is found as _____?

Answer 36

Chromatin

Question 37

Which organelle is the internal scaffolding of a cell?

Answer 37

Cytoskeleton

Question 38

During what phase is DNA replicated?

Answer 38

S Phase

Question 39

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids become visible?

Answer 39

Prophase

Question 40

During which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate into chromosomes?

Answer 40

Anaphase

Question 41

Which of the following is the physical division of a cell?

Answer 41

Cytokinesis