Exercise 5: The Integumentary System Flashcards
1
Q
two principal cell types of nervous tissues
A
neurons,neuroglia
2
Q
tissues found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
A
nervous tissues
3
Q
cells that have the ability to react to various stimuli
A
neurons or nerve cells
4
Q
tissues that exhibit the properties of irritability and conductivity
A
nervous tissues
5
Q
ability to react to various stimuli
A
irritability
6
Q
ability to conduct impulses
A
conductivity
7
Q
cells that receive and send information
A
neurons or nerve cells
8
Q
number of nerve processes a single neuron may have
A
one or more
9
Q
information that is transmitted by neurons
A
nerve impulses
10
Q
unbranched, nerve process
A
axon
11
Q
branched nerve process
A
dendrite
12
Q
nerve process that transmits impulses away from the nerve cell body
A
axon
13
Q
nerve process that transmits impulses towards the nerve cell body
A
dendrite
14
Q
neuron with only one nerve process
A
monopolar neuron
15
Q
neuron with two nerve processes, one axon and one dendrite
A
bipolar neuron
16
Q
nerve process with one axon and two or more dendrites
A
multipolar neuron
17
Q
cells that do not conduct impulses but serve as supporting tissues
A
neuroglia
18
Q
cells that insulate, support and protect different neurons
A
neuroglia
19
Q
tissue specialized for contraction
A
muscular tissue
20
Q
highly vascularized and innervated tissues
A
muscular tissue
21
Q
tissues with the propertiea of extensibility, elasticity, and contractility
A
muscular tissue
22
Q
units of histological organization which are cells that have become elongated
A
fibers
23
Q
fibers with the ability to contract or shorten producing movement
A
muscle fibers
24
Q
three types of muscle tissues
A
skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle
25
muscular tissues that are striated and voluntary
skeletal muscle tissues
26
muscular tissues that form long cylindrical units with a multinucleated appearance
skeletal muscle tissues
27
the nuclei in skeletal muscle tissues are found
along the periphery of the long cylindrical units
28
muscular tissues that are striated and voluntary
cardiac muscle tissues
29
muscular tissues composed of smaller, branching cells and may be mononucleated or binucleated
cardiac muscle tissues
30
muscular tissues characterized by the presence of intercalated disks
cardiac muscle tissues
31
dark bands where cardiac muscle cells connect end to end
intercalated disks
32
intercalayed disks are made of
gap junctions
33
purpose of gap junctions within intercalated disks
facilitates passage of ions from cell to cell that results in rapid conduction of electrical impulse across the heart
34
muscular tissues that are non-striated and involuntary
smooth muscle tissues
35
made of spindle or fusiform-shaped cells
smooth muscle tissues
36
spindle fibers are also called
fusiform-shaped cells
37
muscular tissues found in the walls of hollow internal structures
smooth muscle tissues
38
muscular tissues that contracts much more slowly than other muscle types
smooth muscle tissues
39
most abundant primary tissue in the body
connective tissue
40
tissue for connecting and binding body parts together
connective tissue
41
tissue protecting the organs
connective tissue
42
tissues providing a framework for movement of muscles
connective tissue
43
tissues serving as insulators
connective tissue
44
tissues acting as a liquid medium for transporting substances throughout the body
connective tissue
45
tissues including the loose and dense connective, cartilage and blood
mature connective tissue
46
matrix of dense and loose connective tissues, bone and blood is made of
different connective tissue
47
extracellular matrix of loose connective tissues is made of
fibroblasts
48
extracellular matrix of cartilagenous tissues is made of
chondroblasts
49
extracellular matrix of cartilagenous tissues is maintaned by
chondrocytes
50
extracellular matrix of bone tissues is made of
osteoblasts
51
extracellular matrix of bone tissues is maintained by
osteocytes
52
extracellular matrix of blood tissues is made of
plasma
53
enables connective tissues to form packing materials around organs
extracellular matrix
54
enables connective tissues to bear weight
extracellular matrix
55
enables connective tissues to withstand abrasion and other abuses
extracellular matrix
56
enables connective tissues to absorb large amounts of water to serve as a reservoir in the body
extacellular matrix
57
most connective tissues are highly vascularized
true
58
tendons and ligaments have no blood supply
falsethey have bad supply of blood
59
cartilages are vascular
falseavascular
60
four types of connective tissues
connective tissue proper,cartilages,blood/vascular,bone/osseous
61
types of loose connective tissues
areolar,reticular,adipose
62
types of dense connective tissue
dense regular,dense irregular
63
connective tissue that functions as universal packing material that binds organs together and keeps them in their proper position
areolar connective tissue
64
most abundant type of connective tissue
areolar connective tissue
65
connective tissue composed of fibroblasts, collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers in a semi-fluid ground substance
areolar connective tissue
66
means small open space
areola
67
when areolar connective tissues are viewed through a microscope
most of the matrix appears to be composed of small empty spaces
68
connective tissue that is predominantly composed of reticular fibers which are synthesized by reticular cells
reticular connective tissue
69
fibroblasts that synthesize more reticular fibers than collagenous fibers
reticular connective tissue
70
forms stroma in lymphoid organs
reticular connective tissue
71
forms the hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin where it serves as an insulator, protecting the body from extreme heat and cold
adipose connective tissue
72
contains fibroblasts, ground substance, and adipose cells
adipose connective tissue
73
characteristic of every adipose cell
signet ring-like appearance
74
reason of every adipose cell's apperance
fat that occupies most of the cytoplasm thus pushing the nucleus to one side of the cell
75
adipose cells are also called
adipocytes
76
group of adipocytes
adipose lobules
77
separates adipose lobules
trabeculae
78
trabeculae are composed of
collagenous and elastic fibers
79
connective tissue made of extracellular matrix that is packed with collagenous fibers that are compactly arranged in an orderly mannet with fibroblasts squeezed in between collagenous bundles
dense regular connective tissue
80
forms strong, rope-like structures
dense regular connective tissue
81
includes tendons that attach muscles to bones and ligaments that connect one bone to another
dense regular connective tissue
82
consists of densely packed collagenous fibers that are arranged in a disorderly or irregular manner
dense irregular connective tissue
83
fibroblasts are found in between
collagenous bundles
84
found in areas where pulling forces are exerted in different directions
dense irregular connective tissue
85
dense, firm but pliable, avascular type of connective tissue with an extracellular matrix consisting of collagenous and elastic fibers
cartilage
86
tissue responsible for its tensile strength and gelatinous ground substance
cartilage
87
provides resiliency
gelatinous ground substance
88
when chondroblasts secrete fibers and ground substance, they become trapped in lacunae and become
chondrocytes
89
chondrocytes are nourished through
diffusion from underlying tissues
90
predominant cartilage of the body
hyaline cartilage
91
precursor of bones
hyaline cartilage
92
has a glassy and homogenous appearance
hyaline cartilage
93
collagenous fibers are predominant and not visible because
its fibers and matrix have same refractive index
94
chondrocytes may appear singly or in isogenous groups of cells called
cell nests
95
weakest cartilage
hyaline cartilage
96
surrounds hyaline cartilage
perichondrium
97
composed of thread-like network of elastic fibers embedded within the matrix
elastic cartilage
98
surrounds elastic cartilage
perichondrium
99
cartilage that provides strength and elasticity
elastic cartilage
100
cartilage that maintains the shape of structures
elastic cartilage
101
only cartilage without perichondrium
fibrocartilage
102
its collagenous bundles are densely packed and arranged in a certain pattern
fibrocartilage
103
pattern of fibrocartilage’s arrangement of collagenous bundles
fibrocartilage
104
providedd strength and rigidity
fibrocartilage
105
strongest type of cartilage
fibrocartilage
106
found in pubic simphysis
fibrocartilage
107
forms a cushion-like disk in between vertebrae
fibrocartilage
108
hardest of the connective tissues
bone or osseous tissue
109
composed of bone cells
bone or osseous tissue
110
bone cells are called
osteocytes
111
osteocytes are lodged in cavities which are surrounded by a layer of very hard matrix
lacunae
112
components of matrix that surrounds lacunae
calcium salts,collagenous fibers
113
two types of bone tissue
spongy bone,compact bone
114
unit of structure of bone tissue
Haversian system
115
Haversian system is also called
osteon
116
present in compact bone but are absent in spongy bone which contains large spaces
osteons
117
extracellular matrix in bones is arranged as little beams called
trabeculae
118
consists of blood cells, fibers, and matrix
blood or vascular tissue
119
red blood cells are also called
erythrocytes
120
white blood cells are also called
leukocytes
121
contains hemoglobin
red blood cells
122
forms oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin + oxygen
123
white blood cells consist of
agranulocytes and granulocytes
124
agranulocytes is composed of
lymphocytes, monocytes
125
granulocytes consist of
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
126
cells involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions
white blood cells
127
fragments of giant cells
platelets
128
giant cells whose fragments are platelets
megakaryocytes
129
participate in blood clotting mechanism
platelets
130
when precipitated as ____, soluble protein molecules of blood become evident as ____
fibrin clot; fibers
131
liquid matrix that bathes the cells
plasma
132
liquid portion of unclotted blood
plasma
133
liquid part of clotted blood
serum
134
groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
tissues
135
four fundamental types of tissues
epithelial,connective,muscular,nervous
136
lining, covering, and glandular tissues of the body
epithelial tissue
137
tissues that exhibit cellularity
epithelial tissue
138
tissue that perform protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion functions
epithelial tissue
139
fit closely together to form compact cells arranged in continuous sheets
epithelial cells
140
membranes of epithelial tissue consist of
apical surface
141
free or unattached end
apical surface
142
apical surface is exposed to either
body’s exterior, orcavity of an internal organ
143
epithelial tissues are vascular
falseavascular
144
through what process and from where do epithelial tissue get nourishment
diffusion; capillaries of underlying connective tissues
145
types of epithelial cells
squamous,cuboidal,columnar,transitional
146
types of epithelial layers
simple,stratified
147
one layer of squamous cells
simple squamous epithelium
148
cells fit closely together like floor tiles
simple squamous epithelium
149
one layer of cuboidal cells
simple cuboidal epithelium
150
made of single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide
simple columnar epithelium
151
goblet cells are present in this tissue
simple columnar epithelium
152
secretes mucus for lubrication
goblet cells
153
appears to be stratified but is actually a single layer of cells, all of which touch the basement membrane although not all reach the apex
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
154
most common of the stratified epithelia and consist of several layers
stratified squamous epithelium
155
in stratified squamous epithelium, cells closed to the basement membrane tend to be
cuboidal or columnar
156
in stratified squamous epithelium, cells in apical layer tend to be
squamous
157
rare types of epithelia
stratified columnar epithelium,stratified cuboidal epithelium
158
has two cell layers and the apical layer are cuboidal in shape
stratified columnar epithelium
159
has basal cells varying in size and shape and columnar apical cells
stratified columnar epithelium
160
highly modified, stratified type of epithelium
transitional epithelium
161
when organ is not stretched
umbrella-shaped or dome-like cells
162
when organ is distended or stretched
epithelium thins and cells become large squamous
163
fills spaces between ducts, organs and nerves
areolar connective tissue
164
motile, finger-like structure
cilia
165
brush border
microvilli
166
non-motile, shorter than cilia
microvilli
167
non-motile, branched, increases surface area
sterocilia
168
diffusion and filtration takes place
simple squamous
169
secrets slippery fluid to reduce damage of friction in cavity linings
simple squamous
170
carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion, secretion
simple cuboidal
171
contain organelles that perform complex functions
simple columnar
172
unstretched state of transitional
stratified, cuboidal
173
stretched state of transitional
squamous
174
protects against abrasion
stratified squamous
175
barrier against infection
simple squamous
176
accomodates fluctuation in volume of the liquid
transitional
177
covers end of bone
hyaline cartilage
178
living cells and mineralized matrix
bone
179
matrix of blood
plasma
