Exotic Hematology Flashcards

(35 cards)

1
Q

challenges of obtaining exotic blood

A

we usually can only get smaller blood samples: may not be able to redraw, redraws could cause more potential danger to patient
sicker animals means we should draw less blood
blood is more delicate in exotics

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2
Q

stains for exotic blood

A

Romanowsky-type: Wrights and Wrights-Giemsa- long and fussy, high quality results
May Grunwald- similar to Wrights
Diff Quick- usually have in-house, fast and easy to use, inexpensive

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3
Q

sample handling

A

use smaller syringes/needles: 27G, 26G, insulin syringes
use microtainers since we usually get a small sample
consider best venipuncture site: what is most practical, less stressful for patient, and what is best for sample
always get supplies prepared before grabbing patient!!

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4
Q

CBC blood tubes

A

small mammals: EDTA
birds: EDTA or Heparin
reptiles: Heparin
Teleost fish: Heparin
Elasmobranchs: Heparin, EDTA

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5
Q

chemistry blood tubes

A

Heparin (plasma separator)

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6
Q

which machine should we use for automated counts: Idexx or Abaxis?

A

Abaxis because it can run smaller samples

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7
Q

avian/reptile/fish manual WBC

A

can’t use automated: nucleated RBCs
hemocytometer: uses specialized slide and coverslip, dilute blood with special stains

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8
Q

special stains for hemocyotmeter

A

Eosinophil unopette (phloxine B), Natt Herricks, or Rees Ecker

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9
Q

eosinophil unopette (phloxine B) stain

A

advantages: commercially available, easy to learn
disadvantages: indirect count, uses differential to complete count, cell clumping/rupture can skew results

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10
Q

Natt Herricks stain

A

advantages: direct count, can use for RBC counts
disadvantages: dilution is manual, not readily commercially available

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11
Q

Rees Ecker stain

A

advantages: solution has higher osmolality, better for saltwater animals, doesn’t lyse RBCs, more accurate counts
disadvantages: made to highlight platelets, takes skill to use

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12
Q

small mammal hemotology

A

great variation of MCV
sickling seen in deer
ovalocytes seen in camelids, llamas, and alpacas
monocytes are predominant in elephants
hyposegmentation seen in chinchilla neutrophils
ferrets have higher PCV, blood clots fast

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13
Q

mammalian heterophil

A

granules don’t stain
functionally equivalent to a neutrophil
hard to tell apart from eosinophils but eosinophils are brighter
seen in g. pigs, hamsters, gerbils

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14
Q

Kurloff bodies

A

guinea pig lymphocytes
they are intracytoplasmic inclusions: smooth or granular
origin and function unknown: suspected to be a killer cell

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15
Q

avian erythrocytes

A

oval, nucleated, have dense chromatin
erythroplastid: anucleated eyrthrocytes
polychromasia more common, smaller and rounder, larger nucleus with loose chromatin, basophilic cytoplasm

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16
Q

what are all the different types of leukocytes in birds?

A

granulocytes: heterophil, eosinophil, basophil
agranulocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes

17
Q

avian heterophils

A

segmented nucleus
cytoplasm: round, pink granules
can see blue eosinophils in barred owls: granules stain pale indigo

18
Q

avian basophils

A

more common than in dogs and cats
smaller than other granulocytes
unsegmented nucleus
cytoplasm: basophilic, round granules, degranulates in Diff Quick

19
Q

avian lymphocytes/monocytes

A

look like mammal cells
can see reactivity
in some birds lymphocytes outnumber heterophils
lymphocytes can have irregular cytoplasm known as blebs, granules can be normal

20
Q

avian thrombocytes

A

not platelets
round to oval with round to oval nucleus
clear cytoplasm
often found in clusters

21
Q

why is reptile and fish blood harder to deal with?

A

fewer established reference ranges
more likely to see hemolysis which causes a pink background and lysed cells
blood is more delicate so use alternative blood smear techniques
PCV/TP can be different
immature RBCs more common

22
Q

reptile erythrocytes

A

erythrocytes are larger than avian

23
Q

reptile heterophils

A

nucleus bilobed in lizards, unsegmented in chelonians and snakes, rod-shaped granules

24
Q

reptile eosinophils

A

unsegmented nucleus, round granules

25
reptile monocytes/azurophils
azurophils are smaller than monocytes have pink "granules" in the cytoplasm more basophilic cytoplasm could be immature form might list separately from monocytes or count them as the same
26
amphibian hematology
samples are difficult to obtain due to lack of venipuncture sites lack of normal reference data results can vary on temperature, season, age, sex lymphocyte contamination can occur
27
hematopoiesis in cartilaginous fish
no bone marrow or lymph nodes have Leydig organ where granulopoiesis occurs Epigonal organ: tissue closest to mammalian bone marrow, where lymphopoiesis and granulopoiesis occurs spleen/peripheral blood: erythropoiesis
28
which stains are the best choices for WBC count of elasmobranchs?
Natt Herricks or Rees Ecker
29
elasmobranch granulocytes
neutrophils, CEG (coarse eosinophilic granulocyte), FEG (fine eosinophilic granulocyte)
30
elasmobranch agranulocytes
monocytes and lymphocytes
31
elasmobranch erythrocytes
oval, nucleated
32
elasmobranch thrombocytes
agranular (typical): oval to round small cell with scant blue cytoplasm granular (GT): oval to round cells with tiny pink granules packing the edges
33
CEGs
coarse eosinophilic granulocyte round to segmented nucleus pale to sky blue cytoplasm larger round pale pink to eosinophilic granules
34
FEGs
fine eosinophilic granulocytes round to segmented nucleus usually pale to colorless cytoplasm granules are small, round to elongated
35
teleost hematopoiesis
have bones but no medullary cavity thymus: lymphopoiesis spleen: lymphopoiesis kidney: granulopoiesis, erythropoiesis (peripheral blood)