Test 1 study guides Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
left shift is the presence of increased immature neutrophils in the _______ _______
A
peripheral bloodstream
2
Q
regenerative left shift is shown by an increased number of _______ cells rather than ________ cells
A
mature, immature
3
Q
what are 2 examples of reactive lymphocytes?
A
plasma cells and mott cells
4
Q
how many days does it take for bone marrow to generate neutrophils?
A
4-6 days
5
Q
RBC maturation order
A
rubriblast —> prorubricyte —> rubricyte —> metarubricyte —> polychromatophil —> erthyrocyte
6
Q
what is the largest form of red blood cells?
A
rubriblast
7
Q
which red blood cell phase needs to be identified and counted?
A
reticulocyte
8
Q
how many reticulocytes does there need to be to initiate a manual count?
A
> 5 nRBcs
9
Q
what is the lifespan of an RBC?
A
50-150 days
10
Q
what unit is PCV measured in?
A
percent
11
Q
which blood tubes can be used to obtain a PCV?
A
EDTA or heparin
12
Q
what is the normal PCV for a canine?
A
37-55%
13
Q
what would cause a false elevation in PCV in a sick animal?
A
dehydration
14
Q
what location would be used to read an accurate PCV?
A
where the blood and serum meet around halfway up the tube
15
Q
babesia gibsoni
A
small form
16
Q
babesia canis
A
large form
17
Q
cytauxzoon felis
A
fatal
18
Q
leucocytozoon common name
A
“loco”
19
Q
plasmodium looks like
A
“pushy sausage”
20
Q
which protozoan has a pear-shaped doublet and is the large form of that parasite?
A
babesia canis
21
Q
which parasite is known to be zoonotic causing heart failure and transmitted through kissing bugs?
A
trypanasomes
22
Q
Plasmodium ______ the RBC nucleus
A
displaces
23
Q
Anaplasma is most commonly found globally in ______ due to tickborne disease
A
cattle
24
Q
which parasite doesn’t affect dogs unless they have a splenectomy?
A
hemotrophic mycoplasma
25
piroplasmosis usually occurs in all the following animals except:
a. horses
b. donkeys
c. zebras
d. birds
birds
26
the hemoproteus parasite "hugs" the (WBC/RBC) nucleus
pick one
RBC
27
the (WBC/RBC) is affected by the hepatozoon parasite
RBC
28
rickettsial hemoparasites classify as
between bacteria and viral
29
where can microfilaria be viewed on a blood smear?
feathered edge and monolayer
30
which protozoan is commonly seen following fighting/racing dogs?
babesia gibsoni
31
plasmodium is commonly referred to as
avian malaria
32
which WBC is commonly present with internal parasites?
eosinophils
33
when reading the sediment the urine should be
spun
34
which of the following are not a change observed by urine sitting out for too long?
a. bacteria growth
b. change in pH
c. color change
d. disintegration of casts, crystals, and other findings
color change
35
term for frequent urine dribbling
incontinence
36
what is the correct order of events for a complete UA?
gross exam, dipstick, SG, sediment
37
which crystal is most likely to be seen in urine with an acidic pH?
amorphous urate
38
when looking at the refractometer for urine SG, it is read in g/dL
false
39
what results on urine dipstick are not reliable in vet med?
leukocytes, nitrite, and urobilinogen
40
free catch voided
non-invasive, can use anything to catch, "midstream"
41
catheriterization urine collection
sterile, culture, potential for trauma and infections
42
cystocentesis
+/- ultrasound, removal of urine from bladder via syringe
43
bladder compression "free catch"
don't have to wait for voided, apply slight pressure to bladder, don't try on a blocked patient
44
which cell would we see when the body has regenerative anemia?
Howell-Jolly bodies and anisocytosis
45
heinz bodies are most commonly seen in which animal?
cats
46
which procedure is associated with high numbers of Howell-Jolly bodies?
splenectomy
47
which two diseases are associated with high numbers of Heinz bodies?
diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism
48
in which white blood cell are Barr bodies found in normal female animals?
neutrophil
49
what is the plasma layer made up of in the hematocrit tube?
water and proteins
50
what is packed cell volume actually measuring?
represents the volume of red blood cells compared to whole blood
51
what is a normal range for a canine PCV?
35-57%
52
is PCV manual or machine read?
manually
53
is HCT manual or machine read?
machine
54
what makes up the buffy coat?
white blood cells and platelets
55
how should a PCV be read?
read with the top of the clay layer at 0 and the top of the plasma layer at 100
56
true or false:
a polychromatophil is only called a reticulocyte when stained with New Methylene Blue
true
57
what are reticulocytes used to quantify?
anemia
58
what is another name of an nRBC?
metarubricyte
59
where is eyrthropoietin produced?
kidney
60
which is not true regarding RBC maturation?
a. nucleus size increases
b. cell size decreases
c. RNA amount declines
d. hemoglobin increases
nucleus size increases
61
RBCs are present in circulation for approximately _____ to ______ days
50, 100
62
a mature reticulocyte with small RNA granules are described as ______
punctate
63
when counting reticulocytes in a feline, only count ______ forms
aggregate
64
what description best fits a band neutrophil?
cell with a horseshoe shaped nucleus
65
what is the difference between a right and left shift?
left shift = band neutrophils present
right shift= hypersegmented neutrophils
66
what cell holds immature platelets?
megakaryocyte
67
can neutrophils be reactive?
no
68
can lymphocytes be reactive?
yes
69
can basophils be reactive?
no
70
can eosinophils be reactive?
no
71
can monocytes be reactive?
yes
72
what is the correct explanation of how a reactive lymphocyte may appear?
basophilic cytoplasm, increase in cell size, cytoplasmic granules seen
73
what makes a lymphocyte reactive?
immune stimulation and response to inflammation
74
what is the appearance of a reactive monocyte's chromatin?
granular to lacy
75
monocytes appear with _______ ________ when they are reactive
cytoplasmic vacuolization
76
what is an overall decrease in circulating leukocytes?
leukopenia
77
what kind of shift is extremely high leukocyte count?
leukemoid reaction
78
what is an example of a toxicity change?
Dohle body
79
neutrophilia
increased neutrophils
80
monocytosis
increased monocytes
81
lymphopenia
decreased lymphocytes
82
neutropenia
decreased neutrophils
83
which shift includes the presence of increased numbers of immature neutrophils in the peripheral blood?
left shift
84
what are the signs of excitement seen on a leukogram?
increased WBC, increased neutrophils, increased lymphs in cats
85
eosinopenia is a sign of what type of leukogram?
stress/excitement
86
what is the biggest sign of tissue necrosis on a leukogram?
monocytes
87
what part of a leukogram would be increased for overwhelming inflammation?
bands
88
what is the transit time for bone marrow generation of chronic inflammation?
4-6 days
89
what is the correct order of a WBC maturation series from start to finish?
1. myeloblast
2. promyelocyte
3. myelocyte
4. metamyelocyte
5. band
6. neutrophil
90
what are bands made up of?
immature neutrophils
91
how is a band identified?
often C-shaped
92
what is the 5th stage of the maturation cycle for a WBC?
metamyelocyte
93
how do you classify a hypersegmented neutrophil?
6 distinct lobes
94
which cell are toxic changes observed in?
neutrophils
95
which of the following is not observed in toxic change?
a. Dohle bodies
b. basophilic stippling
c. Howell-Jolly bodies
d. cytoplasmic vacuolization
basophilic stippling
96
how do you write the severity of toxic change?
1+, 2+, 3+, 4+
97
what are morphologic changes to the cell caused by interruptions to maturation due to?
toxic change
98
true or false:
we can observe toxic change in RBCs
false
99
reactive lymphocytes can be a result of?
infection
100
how would you describe a leukemoid reaction?
extremely high leukocyte count
101
which reactive change is the most reliable indicator of stress?
lymphopenia
102
what is another name for target cells?
codocytes
103
how are acanthocytes shaped?
irregular, blunt, uneven projections
104
what is a condition associated with keratocytes?
liver disease
105
when would you see spherocytes in a blood smear?
pets with IMHA
106
RBC morphology associated with snake bites
echinocytes
107
polycythemia
increase in RBCs
108
what is a sign of regenerative anemia?
HJ bodies and metarubricytes
109
what are the normal levels of RBCs in dogs?
5.5 - 8.5 x 10^6 /uL
110
in a corrected retic count what shows regenerative anemia in a feline?
> 0.4%
111
what are the clinical signs of polycythemia vera?
lethargy
112
what is the normal total protein reading for cats?
6.0-8.0 g/dL
113
what is the normal total protein reading for dogs?
6.0-8.0 g/dL
114
what can cause a high TP reading?
dehydration
115
what can cause a decrease in TP?
liver or kidney disease
116
what tool do you use to measure TP?
refractometer
117
what is the most common cause of polycythemia?
dehydration
118
what values are also elevated along with red blood cell count when a patient has dehydration polycythemia?
total protein and hematocrit
119
when a patient is suspected of having anemia which mechanisms are affected?
MCV, MCHC, and Hg
120
what hemostasis defect can cause anemia in a patient?
rodenticide
121
what causes primary polycethemia?
polycythemia vera
122
what causes secondary polycethemia?
heart disease and pneumonia
123
what causes an inappropriate response polycythemia?
renal disease
124
a dehydrated cat comes in and you run a TP, what might you expect to see as a result?
10 g/dL
125
what unit is TP measured?
g/dL
126
what sample can be used to determine TP?
serum and plasma
127
which of the following possesses a nucleus that could be described as pyknotic and what does that mean?
Barr bodies, inactive remains of one of the two chromosomes
128
what percent of heinz bodies are seen in healthy cats but may indicate anemia in dogs?
5%
129
what sex experiences a low number of Barr bodies in healthy animals?
female
130
what inclusion is increased via the surgical removal of an organ and what is that organ?
Howell Jolly bodies, spleen
131
what inclusion when increased in a feline patient is referred to as "old cat disease"?
heinz bodies
132
red blood cells that appear clumped together and don't separate after performing a saline test can be associated with which condition?
IMHA
133
a blood smear is made with blood that has been stored in the fridge for a few days. When looking under the microscope, symmetrical spiky projections are seen. Which RBC morphology is this most likely to be?
echinocytes
134
what is another name for a metarubricyte?
nRBC
135
what are the nuclear remnants in RBCs called?
Howell-Jolly bodies
136
target cell
codocyte
137
fragmented cell
schistocyte
138
slitted or mouth shaped cell
stomatocyte
139
teardrop cell
dacrocyte
140
which one of the following lab abnormalities is frequently seen with acetaminophen toxicity in cats?
methmemoglobinuria
140
what kind of problem may result in cellular cast containing WBCs in the urine sediment of a dog?
pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
140
a red colored urine sample could be due to hematuria, hemoglobinuria, or myoglobinuria. Which one of the following is the easiest way to determine the difference between hematuria and myoglobinuria?
spin down urine sample
140
which animal normally has cloudy urine and why?
horses, calcium carbonate crystals
141
what lab result would you expect in a cat with diabetes mellitus?
increased urine glucose, increased blood glucose
142
when drawing blood from a cat who is stressed how can it alter blood results?
lymphopenia
it is the most probable indicator of stress
143
true or false:
regenerative left shift is when the neutrophils are lower than the immature cells
false
144
inflammation can be indicated by neutrophilic left shift, persistent eosinophilia, and monocytosis, but what else can indicate inflammation?
physiologic leukocytes and stress leukogram
145
what does a Pelger-huet anomaly indicate?
Pelger-huet anomaly is the impression of degenerative left shift without the toxicity
146
true or false:
a glucocorticoid would indicate increased eosinophils
false
147
which of the following describes the general leukocyte response to acute inflammation?
leukocytosis, neutrophilia, a left shift, lymphopenia, and varying monocyte/eosinophil amounts
148
what are the best indicators of inflammation?
neutrophilic left shift, persistent eosinophilia, monocytosis
149
in which animal do Dohle bodies indicate serious toxemia?
dogs
150
what is epinephrine associated with?
acute stress and adrenaline
151
what is the most reliable indicator of stress?
lymphopenia
152
what are some common diseases associated with severe toxemia?
feline pyothorax, pyometra, canine prostatitis
153
what are some non-infectious conditions associated with severe toxemia?
tissue necrosis, heavy metal toxicosis, cytotoxic drug therapy
154
left shift is characterized by an increase in the number of _______ neutrophils in the peripheral blood
immature
155
true or false:
a degenerative left shift is a more favorable prognosis than a regenerative left shift
false
156
true or false:
low numbers of Dohle bodies may be found in healthy cats
true
157
which type of WBC is most associated with tissue necrosis?
monocytes
158
which WBC can help differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation?
monocytes
159
your patient presents with inflammation but the overall WBC count is decreased. what type of inflammation is your patient experiencing?
overwhelming
160
lymphocytopenia is associated with ______ stress
chronic
161
______ left shift is associated with more mature than immature cells
non-regenerative
