Exotics urinary system Flashcards
What is an aquatic Organisms primary form of
Nitrogenous waste?
Ammonia (fish, aquatic amphibians)
— relatively toxic; aquatic animals more tolerant
— 400 ml water required /gm. ammonia to secrete
Terrestrial Organisms
What is the primary form of nitrogenous waste in mammals, terrestrial amphibians?
Urea— 40 ml water per/gm of urea for excretion
What is the primary form of excretion of nitrogenous waste in birds and reptiles.
Uric Acid = Uricotelism
— 8 ml water per/gm to excrete
— highly insoluble
Describe the fish Renal Anatomy?
Single kidney, length of coelom
. Divisions (may be separate)
— cranial: endocrine & hematopoietic
— caudal: filtration (nephrons)
What structure is missing from a fishes nephron?
Loop of henle missing in fish as they don’t need to concentrate their urine. They produce a hypo-osmotic urine.
How does water and nitrogenous movement happen in fish?
by osmosis across skin and gill epithelium.
Nitrogenous waste: ammonia
urine
-gills
What happens to ion and water movement in freshwater fish (osmoregulation)?
and how does the fish compensate for this?
*Ion loss/water gain across gills (and skin) happens.
and therefore,
- Kidney: excrete water
- High GFR
- The gills can also actively uptake NaCL and excrete ammonia.
What happens to ion and water movement in saltwater fish (osmoregulation)?
and how does the fish compensate for this?
*Loose water across gills and skin and NaCl moves in.
and therefore,
- Gills excrete Nacl
- Gills excrete ammonia.
- Kidneys remove divalent ions Mg2+
In both saltwater and freshwater fish the Gills are the main organs responsible for?
Regulating salt balance.
Terrestrial amphibians excrete …… or …… acid?
Urea or uric acid.
Aquatic amphibians excrete mostly …….?
Ammonia.
What kind of urine do amphibians excrete?
Hypo-osmotic.
How do aquatic amphibians get water in and out of their system?
Skin extremely water permeable
. Passive absorption (osmosis)
. Kidney must excrete excess water
. Excrete ammonia (through gills/skin)
What structure do terrestrial amphibians have that allows them to store water?
Urinary bladder to store water (reabsorb)
How are bird and reptile kidneys divided?
Cranial, middle and caudal divisions.
In avian nephrons what type makes up 70-90% of them? And what structure do they lack?
Reptile type:
— no loop of Henle (can’t concentrate urine)
— cortex only
In avian nephrons what type makes up 10-30% of them?
mammalian type
— loop of Hen le (can do limited urine concentration)
— Run from cortex - medulla
. Limited urine concentration
What surrounds avian kidneys?
Air sacs.
What do avians lack the ability to do when stressed or polyuric?
sodium-linked water reabsorption (decreased
with stress,polyuria)
The avian Renal Portal System is the second afferent blood supply from pelvic limbs (pelvic limb blood goes to renal parenchyma). What position is the renal portal valve in under influence of aCH and Adrenaline?
aCH— Normally closed: blood from limbs - renal
portal veins, kidney (under influence of aCH)
Adrenaline— open: blood from limbs - straight to caudal VC (under influence of adrenaline)
— Doesn’t supply glomerulus
What happens in avians if you inject a nephrotoxic drug into the hindlimb?
Injecting a nephrotoxic
drug will increase its nephrotoxicity if injected
in hind limb
In birds what clinical sign is seen in renomegaly?
The lumbar and sacral plexi are associated with the kidneys.Therefore renomegaly causes pressure on the nerve plexi thereby causing non weight bearing lameness.
In terrestrial reptiles and birds:Uric acid (UA)
is made where?
In the liver and it is independent of urine flow rate because it is from tubular secretion. Meaning reptiles and birds can get rid of nitrogenous waste even if they are dehydrated.
Define Hyperuricemia?And what condition can it cause?
An excess of uric acid in the blood.It can cause gout.
