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EXPEPSY lesson 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

techniques that don’t manipulate antecedent conditions

A

NONEXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

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2
Q

events, circumstances, or actions that occur immediately before a behavior or event

A

Antecedent conditions

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3
Q

conditions that are needed prior to an experiment

A

Antecedent conditions

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4
Q

needed prior to the condition; alternatives; exp: randomization

A

Antecedent conditions

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5
Q

do not create levels of an independent variable nor randomly assign subjects to these levels

A

NONEXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES

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6
Q

used when experiments are not ethical or possible, or we want to test hypotheses in realistic conditions

A

NONEXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES

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7
Q

the degree to which a researcher can establish a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

A

INTERNAL VALIDITY

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8
Q

_ has high internal validity if it can demonstrate that only the antecedent conditions are responsible for group differences in behavior

A

Experiment

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9
Q

only the required conditions

A

Antecedent conditions

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10
Q

_ experiment allows us to draw cause-and-effect conclusions

A

Internally Valid Experiment

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11
Q

often achieve higher internal validity than nonexperimental studies

A

Experiments

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12
Q

often higher in internal validity because they control extraneous variables

A

Laboratory experiments

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13
Q

Researchers create levels of the IV and use procedures like matching and random assignment to conditions

A

INTERNAL VALIDITY

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14
Q

Degree to which research findings can be generalized to other settings and individuals.

A

EXTERNAL VALIDITY

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15
Q

achieve higher external validity than laboratory experiments

A

Nonexperimental studies

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16
Q

More frequently conducted in real-world settings with a more diverse sample of participants than experiments

A

Nonexperimental studies

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17
Q

setting is controlled = internal validity is established

A

EXPERIMENT

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18
Q

Can be good at showing one thing causes another

A

INTERNAL VALIDITY

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19
Q

Might not represent what happens in the real world

A

EXTERNAL VALIDITY

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20
Q

increasing the internal validity

A

Randomization

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21
Q

research methods where the researchers do not intentionally change or manipulate the situations, events, or conditions being studied

A

NONEXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

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22
Q

Correlation and Description
Observation
No manipulation
Natural settings

A

NONEXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

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23
Q

degree of _ concerns the assignment of subjects to antecedent conditions created for the experiment

A

degree manipulation of antecedent conditions

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24
Q

How much do researchers intentionally change, alter or modify the things they’re studying
EX. tracking children’s regular diet to placing children on a strict diet

A

Degree of Manipulation of Antecedent Conditions

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25
are usually high in the degree of manipulation
Experiments
26
usually low in the degree of manipulation
Nonexperiments
27
how much you limit a subject's responses on the DV
Degree of imposition of units
28
How much control do researchers have over the participants or subjects involved (direct, influence, dictate) in the study. Ex. household income, time spent on social media, number of siblings
Degree of imposition of units
29
Phenomenology Case Studies Field Studies Archival Study Qualitative Research
Nonexperimental Designs
30
involves a subject's description of personal subjective experience
Phenomenology
31
low in manipulating antecedent conditions and low in the imposition of units (low-low)
Phenomenology
32
might rely on an experimenter's private experiences or other experiential data:
Empirical phenomenology
33
The researcher's self-reflection on relevant experiences. Participants' oral or written descriptions of their experiences. Accounts from literature, poetry, visual art, television, theatre, and previous phenomenological (and other) research.
experiential data
34
The researcher's self-reflection on relevant experiences.
experiential data
35
Participants' oral or written descriptions of their experiences.
experiential data
36
Accounts from literature, poetry, visual art, television, theatre, and previous phenomenological (and other) research.
experiential data
37
a researcher compiles a descriptive study of a subject's experiences, observable behaviors, and archival records kept by an outside observer
Case Studies
38
range from low-low to low-high
Case Studies
39
source of inferences, hypotheses, and theories
Case studies have several advantages:
40
source of therapy techniques allow study of rare phenomena
Case studies have several advantages:
41
provide exceptions to accepted ideas, theories, and practices
Case studies have several advantages:
42
persuasive and motivational value (advertising)
Case studies have several advantages:
43
Representativeness of sample (can be 1 participant)
Case studies have several limitations
44
Completeness of data
Case studies have several limitations
45
Reliance on retrospective data"
Case studies have several limitations
46
are recollections of past events that are collected in the present Historical data or archival data, school records etc.
Retrospective Data
47
This information may be compromised by faulty memory, current mood, and the retrieval cues that are present when you are asked to recall an event.
Risks of using retrospective data
48
examines differences between deviant and normal individuals to identify etiological factors
Deviant Case Analysis
49
approach may also be applied to nonclinical issues such as social trends and adult morale
Deviant Case Analysis
50
are nonexperimental studies conducted in the field (real- life settings)
Field studies
51
range from low-low to low-high
Field studies
52
The experimenter does not manipulate antecedent conditions
Field studies
53
This method can achieve high levels of external validity because it's conducted in a natural setting
Field studies
54
Naturalistic Observation Participant-observer study
2 Types of Field Study
55
examines subjects' spontaneous behavior in their actual environments and may obtain more representative behavior than experiments
Naturalistic observation
56
subjects alter their behavior when they know they are being observed ex. PBB Bahay ni Kuya
Reactivity
57
way to collect or observe people without necessary observing them directly
unobtrusive methods
58
Involves field observation in which the researcher is part of the studied group
Participant-observer study
59
This approach contrasts with naturalistic observation, where the researcher does not interact with research subjects to avoid reactivity.
Participant-observer study
60
the invasion of privacy not telling people that you are studying their behavior pretending to be a group member.
Main problems of the Participant-observer study
61
is a serious problem that requires careful planning.
Pretending to be a group member
62
conducted in real-life settings; done in laboratory settings
Field experiments
63
Conducted in lab or controlled settings
Field experiments
64
nonexperimental designs
Field Studies
65
Used in real-life settings and include naturalistic observation, unobtrusive measures, participant-observer studies and surveys
Field Studies
66
Descriptive method where researchers reexamine data that were collected for other purposes
Archival Study
67
Obtains data consisting of words instead of numbers
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
68
Information is obtained through self-reports, personal narratives and, expressing ideas, memories, feelings and thoughts
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
69
Increased use of qualitative research may represent a paradigm shift
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
70
a change in attitudes, values, beliefs, methods, and procedures accepted during a specific period
PARADIGM SHIFT
71
is invaluable in studying contextual phenomena and behavior that can only be understood within its context
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

EXPESY (3 decks)

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