EXPESY Lesson 1 EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD - Sheet1

Question 1

It is the science of mental processes and behavior.

Answer 1

PSYCHOLOGY

Question 2

As psychologists, we take a scientific approach to understanding behavior, and our knowledge about psychological processes is based on _ evidence accumulated through research.

Answer 2

scientific evidence

Question 3

As psychologists, we take a scientific _ to understanding behavior

Answer 3

SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

Question 4

As scientists, we rely on _ methods when we conduct psychological research.

Answer 4

scientific methods

Question 5

This is the research about psychological processes underlying behavior.

Answer 5

PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

Question 6

All areas of psychology rely on _ research methods.

Answer 6

scientific research methods

Question 7

Whether the data come from laboratory experiments, real-world settings, or therapy sessions, all psychologists use _ criteria to evaluate their data.

Answer 7

scientific criteria

Question 8

connotes content and process

Answer 8

Science

Question 9

consists of the scientific techniques we use to collect and evaluate data

Answer 9

Methodology

Question 10

the facts we gather using scientific methods

Answer 10

Data

Question 11

Who called nonscientific data gathering commonsense psychology

Answer 11

Heider

Question 12

nonscientific data gathering

Answer 12

commonsense psychology

Question 13

This approach uses nonscientific sources of data and nonscientific inference

Answer 13

commonsense psychology

Question 14

nonscientific use of information to explain or predict behavior.

Answer 14

Nonscientific inference

Question 15

1. Gambler’s fallacy
2. overuse of trait explanations
3. stereotyping
4. Overconfidence bias

Answer 15

4 Nonscientific inference

Question 16

people misuse data to estimate the probability of an event, like when a slot machine will pay off.

Answer 16

gambler’s fallacy

Question 17

we falsely assume that specific behaviors cluster together

Answer 17

stereotyping

Question 18

Stereotypes ignore individual differences.

Answer 18

stereotyping

Question 19

to explain others’ behavior, we often make unwarranted dispositional attributions and underuse situational information

Answer 19

overuse trait explanations

Question 20

This bias can reduce the accuracy of our explanations and predictions.

Answer 20

overuse trait explanations

Question 21

we feel more confident about our conclusions than is warranted by available data.

Answer 21

overconfidence bias

Question 22

This form of nonscientific inference can result in erroneous conclusions when we don’t recognize the limitations of supporting data.

Answer 22

overconfidence bias

Question 23

assumes that behavior follows a natural order and can be predicted

Answer 23

Alfred North Whitehead’s scientific mentality

Question 24

This assumption is essential to science. There is no point in using the scientific method to gather and analyze data if there is no implicit order.

Answer 24

Alfred North Whitehead’s scientific mentality

Question 25

There is no point in using the scientific method to gather and analyze data if there is no implicit order

Answer 25

implicit order

Question 26

consists of statements generally expressed as equations with few variables with overwhelming empirical support

Answer 26

law

Question 27

an interim explanation

Answer 27

theory

Question 28

a set of related statements used to explain and predict phenomena

Answer 28

theory

Question 29

integrate diverse data, explain behavior, and predict new instances of behavior

Answer 29

Theories

Question 30

is critical to the scientific method

Answer 30

Good thinking

Question 31

We engage in good thinking when data collection and interpretation are _, _ and _

Answer 31

systematic, objective, and rational

Question 32

The principle of _ is that we prefer the simplest helpful explanation.

Answer 32

principle of parsimony

Question 33

Sir _ proposed that science advances by revising theories based on the "weight of evidence."

Answer 33

Karl Popper

Question 34

Sir Karl Popper proposed that science advances by revising theories based on the "weight of _"

Answer 34

weight of evidence

Question 35

Science is _ as scientific explanations and theories are challenged, revised, or replaced.

Answer 35

self-correcting

Question 36

principle of _ allows us to disprove statements using a single, contrary observation

Answer 36

principle of modus tollens

Question 37

We can never prove a statement because a contradictory _ might be found later.

Answer 37

contradictory observation

Question 38

an exact or systematic repetition of a study

Answer 38

Replication

Question 39

increases our confidence in experimental results by adding to the weight of supporting evidence

Answer 39

Replication

Question 40

DISCRIPTION PREDICTION EXPLANATION CONTROL

Answer 40

4 objectives of psychological science

Question 41

a systematic and unbiased account of observed characteristics of behaviors "WHAT"

Answer 41

Description

Question 42

the capability of knowing in advance when certain behaviors should occur "ANTICIPATE"

Answer 42

Prediction

Question 43

knowledge of the conditions that reliably produce a behavior "WHY"

Answer 43

Explanation

Question 44

the use of scientific knowledge to influence behavior "CHANGE/MODIFY"

Answer 44

Control

Question 45

addresses real-world problems like how to improve student graduation rates

Answer 45

Applied research

Question 46

tests theories and explains psychological phenomena like helping behavior

Answer 46

Basic research

Question 47

OBSERVATION MEASUREMENT EXPERIMENTATION

Answer 47

3 TOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

Question 48

It is the systematic noting and recording of events.

Answer 48

OBSERVATION

Question 49

means that the procedures are consistently applied

Answer 49

SYSTEMATIC (OBSERVATION)

Question 50

It must be objective so that there can be strong agreement among raters.

Answer 50

OBSERVATION

Question 51

Assigns numbers to objects, events, or their characteristics.

Answer 51

MEASUREMENT

Question 52

This is an inherent feature of quantitative research.

Answer 52

MEASUREMENT

Question 53

It is the process we use to test the predictions we call hypotheses and establish cause-and- effect relationships.

Answer 53

EXPERIMENTATION

Question 54

It is not always possible because our predictions must be testable.

Answer 54

EXPERIMENTATION

Question 55

1 We must be able to manipulate the independent variable and measure its effect on the dependent variable. 2 An experiment requires creating at least two treatment conditions and randomly assigning subjects to these conditions. 3 In psychology experiments, we control extraneous variables so that we can measure "what we intend to measure

Answer 55

requirements for an experiment

Question 56

We must be able to manipulate the IV and measure its effect on the DV.

Answer 56

requirements for an experiment

Question 57

An experiment requires creating at least two treatment conditions and randomly assigning subjects to these conditions.

Answer 57

requirements for an experiment

Question 58

In psychology experiments, we control extraneous variables so that we can measure "what we intend to measure."

Answer 58

requirements for an experiment

Question 59

We must be able to manipulate the _ and measure its effect on the _.

Answer 59

manipulate IV and effect on the DV

Question 60

An experiment requires creating at least _ treatment conditions and randomly assigning subjects to these conditions.

Answer 60

TWO

Question 61

In psychology experiments, we control _ VARIABLES so that we can measure "what we intend to measure."

Answer 61

extraneous variables

Question 62

An experiment attempts to establish a _ relationship between the antecedent conditions (IV) and subject behavior (DV).

Answer 62

cause-and-effect relationship

Question 63

antecedent conditions

Answer 63

independent variable

Question 64

subject behavior

Answer 64

dependent variable

Question 65

An experiment must satisfy _ requirements: we must have procedures for manipulating the setting, and we must be able to observe the predicted outcome. After administering the treatments, we measure and compare subject performance across conditions to test the experimental hypothesis.

Answer 65

two requirement

Question 66

An experiment must satisfy two requirements: we must have _ for manipulating the setting, and we must be able to observe the predicted outcome. After administering the treatments, we measure and compare subject performance across conditions to test the experimental hypothesis.

Answer 66

procedure for manipulating the setting

Question 67

An experiment must satisfy two requirements: we must have procedures for manipulating the setting, and we must be able to _ the predicted outcome. After administering the treatments, we measure and compare subject performance across conditions to test the experimental hypothesis.

Answer 67

observe the predicted outcome

Question 68

In an experiment after administering the treatments, we measure and compare subject performance across conditions to test the experimental _.

Answer 68

experimental hypothesis

Question 69

WHAT IS MANIPULATED?

Answer 69

independent variable

Question 70

EFFECT OR RESULT

Answer 70

dependent variable

Question 71

any field of study that appears scientific but has no true scientific basis and has not been confirmed using the scientific method.

Answer 71

Pseudoscience

Question 72

is still very much. alive today and all of which claim to be able to assess your personality.

Answer 72

Modern pseudoscientific psychology

Question 73

astrology, palmistry, fortune telling, and numerology

Answer 73

Modern pseudoscientific psychology