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Research methods > Experiment and design > Flashcards

Experiment and design Flashcards

1
Q

IV is what

A

the variable that the researchers choose to manipulate

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2
Q

The conditions of the IV usually form which two groups

A

experimental condition and the control condition

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3
Q

DV is what

A

variable that researchers choose to measure

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4
Q

Lab experiment feature

A

artificial environment
controls

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5
Q

Field experiment feature

A

participant’s own natural environment
some controls

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6
Q

situational variables

A

variables from the setting that might affect the DV

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7
Q

Natural experiment feature (2)

A
  • naturally occurring IV
  • take place in a real-life situation
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8
Q

Strength of lab experiment (3)

A
  • high standardisation meaning can replicate to test for reliability
  • high control
  • IV directly affecting DV- cause and effect
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9
Q

Weaknesses of lab experiment (3)

A
  • artificial setting, lacks EV
  • lack mundane realism
  • increased demand characteristics
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10
Q

Strengths of a field experiment (3)

A
  • take place in realistic environment so increased EV
  • limited demand characteristics
  • natural behaviour
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11
Q

Weaknesses of a field experiment (3)

A
  • situational can’t be controlled
  • might break ecological validity
  • ethical issues
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12
Q

Strengths of natural experiment(2)

A
  • high in EV
  • Behaviour will be natural so it will be a valid representation of each person’s behavioural response
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13
Q

Weaknesses of natural experiment (2)

A
  • don’t know for sure if the IV has caused an effect on the DV
  • difficult to replicate due to reduced standardised procedures
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14
Q

Examples of lab experiment

A

Yamamoto et al. investigated the helping behaviour in chimps in controlled lab conditions using three IV conditions

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15
Q

Example of field experiment

A

Piliavin et al. was a field. There were IVs, DVs and many controls. Conducted in a New York Subway where the natural behaviour can be observed.

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16
Q

Example of natural environment

A

Study by Baron-Cohen et al. is an example of a natural experiment because participants could not be randomly allocated to either autistic or non-autistic. Eyes test was same for all four groups

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17
Q

Valid, lab experiment?

2

A

High internal validity because of controls set in place allowing the researcher to be sure that changes in the IV are causing changes in the DV

Low external validity as it may be difficult to apply findings to real life situation

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18
Q

Valid, field

2

A

Low internal validity as researchers can control some variables but not all

High internal validity as the setting is not artificial

19
Q

Valid, natural

2

A

low internal validity as there is no control over extraneous variables

high external validity as it takes place in ppt’s natural environment

20
Q

Reliable, lab?

A

High reliability due to many controls and standardised procedures allowing for replication to test for reliability

21
Q

Reliable, field

A

medium levels of reliability as some elements of the study are standardised. However, full replication may be difficult

22
Q

Reliable, natural

A

Low as there are hardly any levels of control over extraneous variables

23
Q

Ethics, lab? (3)

A
  • informed consent is easy to acquire
  • deception can be dealt with if there is a full debrief
  • participants know they can withdraw at any point
24
Q

Ethics, field (3)

A
  • informed consent is not always possible to gain
  • participants don’t know they’re in a study so they can’t be debriefed
  • if ppts don’t know they’re in a study, they can’t withdraw
25
Q

Ethics, natural (3)

A
  • informed consent can be difficult to gain for some studies
  • participants don’t know they’re in a study so they can’t be debriefed
  • if ppts don’t know they’re in a study, they can’t withdraw
26
Q

Experimental design

A

Participants are allocated to conditions of the IV

27
Q

Repeated measures design

A

Where each participant takes part in all conditions of the IV

28
Q

Example of repeated measures design

A

In the study by Canli et al. all ten ppts saw all 96 pics, which was essential for each ppt to give consistent intensity ratings to each pic. This could not have been achieved with any other design

29
Q

Strengths of repeated measures design (2)

A
  • control of ppt variables
  • only have ppts are needed
30
Q

Weaknesses of repeated measures design (3)

A
  • order effects and demand
  • in some instances is impossible e.g. cannot be both left-handed and right-handed
  • not necessary to duplicate apparatus
31
Q

Independant measures design

A

Each ppt is in just one condition of the IV

32
Q

Example of independant measures design

A
  • Andrade et al, independant measures design. Ppts were randomly allocated to either doodle or not doodle. This was important because a ppt could not be in both conditions
33
Q

Strengths of independant measures (2)

A
  • no order effects
  • reduced demand characteristics
34
Q

Weaknesses of independant measure (2)

A
  • participant variables
  • need more participants
35
Q

How to eliminate participant variables

A

Random allocation

36
Q

Matched pairs design

A

Match any particular aspect of two or more groups of participants

37
Q

What is the aim of the matched pairs design

A

Control participant variables

38
Q

Example of matched pairs design

A

Baron- Cohen et al matched the IQ of ppts in group 4 and group 1.

39
Q

Strengths of matched pairs design (2)

A
  • No ppt variables
  • No order effects
40
Q

Weaknesses of matched pairs design (2)

A
  • can’t be sure if all relevant variables have been matched
  • time consuming and difficult to match participants
41
Q

Single blind technique

A

Ppt is unaware of the behaviour that is expected of them

42
Q

Demand characterisitcs

A

ppts responds to the experiment in a certain way in order to please the experimenter

43
Q

Experimenter bias

A

experimenter who wants to achieve a particular outcome gives different ‘signals’ to participants

44
Q

Double blind technique

A

Ppt and experimenter are unaware of the aims of the study

Research methods (6 decks)

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