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Psychology Paper 2 > Experimental Methods > Flashcards

Experimental Methods Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

Lab experiment

A

Controlled artificial setting
Manipulate IV and measure DV

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2
Q

Strengths of lab

A

EV’s and DV’s are controlled - replicable and reliable

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3
Q

Weaknesses of lab

A

Low ecological validity

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4
Q

Field experiments

A

Natural environment
P’s often unaware

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5
Q

Strengths of field

A

Ecological validity

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6
Q

Weaknesses of field

A

Ethical issues e.g consent

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7
Q

Online research strengths

A

Large samples
Cheap
Diversity

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8
Q

Weaknesses of online research

A

Possible bias
Lies and social desirability
EV’s and DV’s

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9
Q

Quasi natural

A

IV not controlled
IV is naturally occurring event
Can be lab or field
E.g divorce or natural disaster

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10
Q

Quasi difference

A

IV not controlled
IV is a pre existing difference between p’s
E.g. sex, age

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11
Q

Strengths of quasi

A

Allows research of phenomena that for ethical reasons can’t be manipulated to study

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12
Q

Weaknesses of quasi

A

No definite cause and effect
Replication is nearly impossible

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13
Q

Experimental design - independent groups

A

2 separate conditions

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14
Q

Independent groups strengths

A

Less materials needed as the same test can be given to both groups

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15
Q

Independent group’s weakness

A

More p’s needed

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16
Q

Experimental design - repeated measures

A

Same p’s do both experiments

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17
Q

Repeated measures strengths

A

No individual differences

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18
Q

Repeated measures weaknesses

A

Order effects

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19
Q

Experimental design - matched pairs

A

Different p’s matched closely on personality, IQ etc
2 groups

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20
Q

Matched pairs strengths

A

Less chance of individual differences

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21
Q

Matched pairs weakness

A

Time consuming and matching can be difficult

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22
Q

What is a single blind procedure

A

The p’s don’t know what condition they’re in

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23
Q

What is a double blind procedure

A

Both researcher and p’s don’t know whose in which condition

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24
Q

What is target population

A

Large group of people that the researcher wishes to study

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25
Sample
Small group who represent the target population and are studied
26
Population validity
How well the sample represents the target population
27
Opportunity sampling
People who are there, available and willing to
28
Strengths of opportunity
Quick and easy
29
Weaknesses of opportunity
Researcher bias as they pick p’s
30
Self selected sampling
Letter/flyer where people select/volunteer themselves
31
Strengths of self selected
Flyers can reach a diverse range of p’s
32
Weaknesses of self selected
Demand characteristics (more motivated)
33
Random sampling
Name generator
34
Strengths of random
No researcher bias + representative
35
Weaknesses of random
Time consuming
36
Systematic sampling
Selected in numerical intervals e.g every 8 people
37
Strengths of systematic
Quick,easy and unbiased
38
Weaknesses of systematic
May not be representative
39
Stratified sampling
Selecting in ratio to target population
40
Strengths of stratified
Most representative
41
Weaknesses of stratified
Time consuming
42
Quota sampling
Same as stratified but the researcher chooses the ratioed sub groups
43
Strengths of quota
Representative and can generalise
44
Weaknesses of quota
Time consuming and researcher bias
45
Snowball sampling
Current p’s recruit more through mutuals
46
Strengths of snowball
Can access hard to reach groups
47
Weaknesses of snowball
Not representative - too similar interests
48
What is internal validity
Does the study measure what it intends to measure
49
What is external validity
Whether the study paints a true picture of real life behaviours - mundane realism and would apply to different places, times or people - population validity
50
Word associated with validity
Accuracy
51
Validity issues
Researcher bias Demand characteristics Social desirability
52
Assessing validity - face validity
Whether the test appears at face value to measure what it claims to
53
Predicative validity
The degree to which a test accuractly forcasts a future outcome on a more broadly related topic
54
Content validity
Objectively checking whether the method of measuring behaviour is accurate and decides whether it is a fair test that achieves the aims of the study - this can be achieved by asking an expert of the specific area of behaviour to check validity
55
Concurrent validity
Comparing with an established measurement that has validity - If both test have similar results they have concurrent validity
56
Construct validity
Whether the overall results reflect the phenomena as a whole - this is achieved by checking the existing definitions of the behaviour
57
Word associated with reliability
Consistency
58
Internal reliability
If the test is consistent in itself
59
External reliability
Consistency over time
60
Ways to overcome reliability issues
Use more than one researcher Repeat Standardise procedures Operationalise variables
61
Test retest
Repeated twice - if the same = reliable
62
Inter rater
Compare results from more than one researcher - high agreement = reliable
63
Split half
Splitting the test into two and comparing scores in both halves
64
What is temporal validity
Historic
65
What is ecological validity
Other settings/situations
66
What is falsifiability
Principle that a theory cannot be considered scientific unless it admits the possibility of being found false
67
Replicability
The extent to which scientific procedures and findings can be repeated by other researchers
68
Objectivity
All sources of personal bias are minimised so it can not distort or influence the research process
69
Situational variables
Anything to do with the environment e.g time of day, temperature or noise levels
70
Participant variables
Difference between participants e.g age, gender, intelligence
71
Investigator effects
How behaviour and language of experimenters will effect the participant - researcher bias (eg how the question is worded)
72
Demand characteristics
Participants searching for clues in order to act in a certain way for example if they subconsciously figure out the aim
73
Participant effects
Participants are aware they’re in the experiment so may behave unnaturally
74
Ethics
P - privacy C - confidentiality D - deception R - right to withdraw I - informed consent P - protection from harm
75
Null hypothesis
Statement of no effect - there will be no difference…
76
Alternative hypothesis
Any hypothesis except the null
77
Directional hypothesis- one tailed
There will be a direction - increase/decrease
78
Non directional hypothesis - two tailed
There will be a difference but does not state the direction
79
Confounding variable
Varies systematically with the IV that may impact the DV
80
Extraneous variable
Do not vary systematically however impact DV - e.g weather
81
Ethics - brief
Must infirm p’s of purpose - be clear Erasure confidentiality Give them the right to withdraw Provide an opportunity for question
82
Ethics - debrief
Inform p’s of purpose Ensure no undue stress Ensure p’s leave in ‘same frame of mind’ as they entered Right to withdraw and access to report if asked Opportunity for questions Thank the p’s for taking part
83
What is privacy
A persons right to control the flow of information about themselves
84
What is confidentiality
Communication of personal info from one person to another - the trust that this will be protected
85
What is deception
P’s not aware of the study so can’t give informed consent
86
What is right to withdraw
P’s understanding that they have the right to leave the study at any point and remove data when the study is over
87
What’s informed consent
P’s given info regarding the experiment so they can choose whether to participate or not
88
What’s protection from harm
Should not experience negative physical or psychological harm beyond normal day to day lives

Psychology Paper 2 (7 decks)

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